Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Registry of Motor Vehicles
n
Motorcycle Manual
P.O. Box 55889
Boston, Massachusetts 02205-5889
April 2006
Original photo provided by Miriam Romais
Miriam Romais Photography
New York, NY
© Miriam Romais, www.romaisphotos.com
Digital Enhancement & Graphic Design
Provided by Kerry Gong
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................1
MISSION STATEMENT................................................1
MASSACHUSETTS RIDER EDUCATION PROGRAM......2
DEFINITIONS ...............................................................4
MOTORCYCLE ....................................................4
MOTORIZED BICYCLE .......................................4
OPERATION OF MOTORIZED BICYCLES.........4
MOTORIZED SCOOTER .....................................5
OPERATION OF MOTORIZED SCOOTER.........5
LICENSING REQUIREMENTS ....................................6
PERMITS .............................................................6
LICENSES............................................................6
LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR MINORS ....7
LICENSE FEES....................................................8
SKILLS EXAMINATION ...............................................9
EQUIPMENT ........................................................9
EXAMINATION PROCEDURES ..........................9
COMMON REASONS FOR FAILING A ROAD
EXAMINATION...................................................10
POLICIES ON CANCELLATIONS & FEES ...............11
PREPARING TO RIDE ...............................................12
PROPER EQUIPMENT......................................12
HELMET USE ....................................................13
HELMET SELECTION .......................................13
FACIAL PROTECTION ......................................14
DEFENSIVE CLOTHING ...................................14
YOUR MOTORCYCLE ...............................................16
RIDER CHECKLIST ...........................................16
FAMILIARITY .....................................................17
RIDING WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES............................18
BODY POSITION & POSTURE .........................18
SEAT ..................................................................18
HANDS...............................................................18
KNEES ...............................................................18
FEET ..................................................................18
TURNING........................................................... 19
BRAKING........................................................... 20
SHIFTING GEARS ............................................ 21
DOWNSHIFTING............................................... 21
SHIFTING IN A TURN ....................................... 22
STARTING ON A HILL ...................................... 22
AVOIDING COLLISIONS........................................... 23
BE VISIBLE ....................................................... 23
CLOTHING ........................................................ 23
HEADLIGHT ...................................................... 24
BRAKE LIGHT ................................................... 24
COMMUNICATING YOUR INTENTIONS.......... 24
TURN SIGNALS ................................................ 25
HORN ................................................................ 25
POSITION.......................................................... 25
LOOKING FOR TROUBLE........................................ 27
THE ROAD AHEAD ........................................... 28
THE ROAD BEHIND.......................................... 29
USING YOUR MIRRORS .................................. 29
KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE..................................... 31
DISTANCE IN FRONT....................................... 31
DISTANCE BEHIND .......................................... 31
DISTANCE TO THE SIDE ................................. 32
PASSING ........................................................... 32
BEING PASSED ................................................ 32
INTERSECTIONS.............................................. 33
PARKED VEHICLES ......................................... 33
LANE SHARING ................................................ 34
CARS ALONGSIDE ........................................... 34
MERGING TRAFFIC.......................................... 34
DANGEROUS SURFACES ............................... 34
SLIPPERY SURFACES..................................... 35
VERY SLIPPERY AREAS ................................. 36
UNEVEN SURFACES OR OBSTACLES .................. 37
RAILROAD OR TROLLEY TRACKS ................. 37
GROOVES AND GRATINGS ............................ 38
SWERVING OR TURNING QUICKLY............... 39
QUICK STOPS .................................................. 39
FLYING OBJECTS ............................................ 40
ANIMALS ........................................................... 40
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS ...................................... 41
TIRE FAILURE & BLOWOUTS ......................... 41
STUCK THROTTLE ...........................................41
WOBBLE ............................................................42
CHAIN PROBLEMS ...........................................42
ENGINE SEIZURE .............................................43
CARRYING PASSENGERS & CARGO.....................44
PASSENGER SAFETY & INSTRUCTION .........44
PASSENGERS & EQUIPMENT.........................44
RIDING WITH PASSENGERS...........................45
CARRYING LOADS ...........................................45
GROUP RIDING.................................................46
SMALL GROUPS ...............................................46
GROUP COHESION ..........................................46
PASSING INFORMATION .................................48
NIGHT RIDING ...........................................................49
GETTING OFF THE ROAD ........................................50
RULES OF THE ROAD ..............................................51
SPEED LIMITS ...........................................................51
SCHOOL ZONES...............................................52
TRAFFIC SIGNALS....................................................53
STEADY RED ....................................................53
STEADY RED ARROW......................................53
FLASHING RED.................................................53
STEADY YELLOW .............................................54
FLASHING YELLOW .........................................54
STEADY GREEN ...............................................54
GREEN ARROW................................................54
TRAFFIC LIGHTS NOT WORKING ...................54
PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS....................................55
LAWS FOR MOTORCYCLE RIDERS &
PEDESTRIANS ..........................................................55
MOTORCYCLE RIDERS ...................................55
PEDESTRIANS ..................................................55
TRAFFIC SIGNS ........................................................56
STOP AND YIELD SIGNS .................................56
REGULATORY SIGNS ......................................57
WARNING SIGNS..............................................57
GUIDE SIGNS....................................................57
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
ROAD WORK WARNINGS................................ 57
SIGN EXAMPLES.............................................. 59
RAILROAD CROSSINGS .................................. 61
PAVEMENT MARKINGS ........................................... 61
WHITE LANE LINES ......................................... 62
BROKEN WHITE LANE LINE............................ 62
SOLID WHITE LANE LINE ................................ 62
DOUBLE SOLID WHITE LANE LINE ................ 62
YELLOW LANE LINES ...................................... 62
BROKEN YELLOW LANE LINE ........................ 62
DOUBLE YELLOW LANE LINES: ONE SOLID,
ONE BROKEN ................................................... 63
DOUBLE YELLOW LANE LINES: BOTH SOLID.. 63
WORDS AND SYMBOLS .................................. 63
STOP LINES AND CROSSWALKS................... 64
LANE USE & RESTRICTIONS .................................. 64
USING LANES................................................... 64
SPECIAL RULES FOR MOTORCYCLES ................. 65
RESTRICTED LANES ....................................... 65
RIDING ON HIGHWAYS ................................... 65
ENTERING AND EXITING THE HIGHWAY ...... 65
SAFE & RESPONSIBLE RIDING ...................... 66
RULES FOR PASSING ..................................... 66
INTERSECTIONS.............................................. 67
TURNS ....................................................................... 68
TURNS ON RED................................................ 69
U-TURNS........................................................... 69
LEFT TURNS FROM CENTER LANES............. 69
RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES ................................... 69
PEDESTRIANS ................................................. 70
INTERSECTIONS NOT CONTROLLED BY
SIGNS OR SIGNALS......................................... 70
FOUR-WAY STOP............................................. 71
TURNING LEFT................................................. 71
PRIVATE ROADS, DRIVEWAYS, AND
UNPAVED ROADS............................................ 71
THROUGHWAYS .............................................. 71
INTERSECTION OF SINGLE OR TWO LANE
ROAD AND MULTIPLE LANE ROAD ............... 71
ROTARIES......................................................... 72
SCHOOL BUSES .............................................. 72
BUSES AND TROLLEYS .................................. 73
ROAD WORKERS AND REPAIR CREWS ....... 73
ANIMALS AND HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLES....73
SLOW-MOVING VEHICLES ..............................74
FUNERAL PROCESSIONS ...............................74
PARKING REGULATIONS ................................74
PARKING METERS ...........................................75
PARKING PERMITS ..........................................75
MISCELLANEOUS RULES OF THE ROAD..............76
BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE .......................................77
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT (BAC) ...............77
ALCOHOL TESTS..............................................78
ILLEGAL DRUGS, MEDICINE, AND OTHER
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES .........................79
PENALTIES........................................................80
MANDATORY LICENSE SUSPENSIONS
(18 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER) ...................81
MANDATORY LICENSE SUSPENSIONS
JUNIOR OPERATORS ONLY (161/2 TO 18
YEARS OF AGE) ...............................................82
CONTACT INFORMATION ........................................83
PREFACE
The Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles (RMV) strictly
prohibits the republication or reproduction of this manual
without the express written consent of the Registrar of Motor
Vehicles. All requests for permission to copy all or any part
of this publication must be addressed to the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles. This work is
protected by U.S. Copyright Law; the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts owns the copyright. Copyright laws prohibit
the reproduction of the copyrighted work; distribution of
copies of the copyrighted work; preparation of derivative
works based upon the copyrighted work; displaying the
copyrighted work publicly; and performing the copyrighted
work publicly.
*
INTRODUCTION
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Motorcycle Manual is
a supplement to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Driver's Manual. Motorcycle riders are urged to read and
understand both manuals in an effort to help keep
Massachusetts roads safe.
The Massachusetts RMV is confident that improved
licensing, quality motorcycle rider education, increased public
awareness, and observance of motor vehicle laws, rules, and
regulations can help to reduce the potential for motorcycle
related injuries in the Commonwealth.
The Massachusetts Motorcycle Manual has been prepared in
cooperation with the Motorcycle Safety Foundation. This
supplement details for motorcycle riders at all levels how to
safely ride a motorcycle.
This manual is published by the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles for the benefit of
residents and visitors alike. While it contains a great deal of
information about RMV policies and state laws, it is important
to note that this is not a legal document. Every effort is made
to present the most accurate, error free, and up-to-date
information. However, RMV policies and fees are subject to
change from time to time, as are laws governing motor
vehicles and their drivers.
MISSION STATEMENT
The Massachusetts RMV enables our citizens to travel the
nation's roads safely by licensing drivers and providing
registrations and titles for safe and environmentally sound
vehicles.
1
MASSACHUSETTS RIDER
EDUCATION PROGRAM
Sponsored by the Massachusetts RMV,
the Massachusetts Rider Education
Program ("MREP") provides quality rider
education and training to both novice
and experienced motorcycle riders. The
MREP is designed to assist riders of all
levels and to promote the safe operation
of motorcycles. Riders of all abilities are encouraged to
attend and benefit from the professional instruction and on-
cycle training offered through the MREP.
In the basic rider course, students will learn motorcycling
skills through classroom instruction and on-cycle training. In
the experienced rider course, students will learn advanced
riding techniques and defensive riding strategies. This
curriculum has been developed by the Motorcycle Safety
Foundation ("MSF") and is based on years of research.
The basic rider course is approximately fifteen (15) hours,
with five (5) hours of classroom instruction and ten (10) hours
of on-cycle instruction. The classroom instruction will cover
motorcycling basics such as control, preparation, turning and
braking, street awareness, special riding situations, and the
dangers of riding impaired. The on-cycle instruction will
incorporate and apply the lessons learned in the classroom
instruction. Students must attend all classroom and on-cycle
sessions and pass both a multiple-choice examination and
riding skills evaluation to graduate the program.
The experienced rider course is approximately seven (7)
hours, integrating on-cycle range instruction with discussion
topics covering motorcycle preparation, advanced street
riding strategies, traction management, and advanced
braking and cornering techniques. Students must attend all
sessions and pass both a multiple-choice examination and a
riding skills evaluation to graduate from the program.
2
The MREP is currently being offered at nine (9) separate
locations throughout the Commonwealth. Please direct all
questions regarding the administration of the MREP to the
Registry of Motor Vehicles, P.O. Box 55889, Boston, MA
02205-5889 or call 413-781-0633. Site availability is subject to
change without notice. If you would like a brochure, call
RMV/MREP Boston at 617-351-9585.
Qualified graduates of either the basic rider course or the
experienced rider course are exempt from the
Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles motorcycle road
examination and may be entitled to a ten percent (10%)
discount on their Massachusetts-based motorcycle
insurance.
The Massachusetts Rider Education Program, Classroom
Availability, Fees, and General Information may be found at
www.mass.gov/rmv.
3
DEFINITIONS
MOTORCYCLE
Any motor vehicle having a seat or saddle for
the rider that is designed to travel with no more
than three wheels contacting the ground,
including any bicycle with a motor or driving
wheels attached.
MOTORIZED BICYCLE
A pedal bicycle which has a helper motor, or a
non-pedal bicycle which has a motor, with a
cylinder capacity not exceeding fifty (50) cubic
centimeters, an automatic transmission, and
which is capable of a maximum speed of no
more than thirty (30) miles per hour (mph).
OPERATION OF MOTORIZED BICYCLES
Under Massachusetts law, mopeds fall into the category of
"motorized bicycles"(with or without pedals) and are therefore
regulated by the Registrar of Motor Vehicles. Individuals must
have a valid learner's permit or driver's license to operate a
motorized bicycle or moped.
Mopeds must have automatic transmissions and cylinder
capacities of no more than 50 cubic centimeters. In addition,
mopeds must meet all federal motor vehicle safety standards
and have maximum speeds of no more than 30 mph. The
following limitations apply:
· Individuals may not operate at speeds greater than 25 mph;
· Individuals may not operate on state highways or limited-
access roads with signs prohibiting bicycles;
· Individuals may not operate on off-street recreational paths;
· Individuals may use bicycle lanes along roadways;
· Individuals must use the proper hand signals before
stopping or turning;
· Individuals and their passengers must wear United States
Department of Transportation (US DOT) approved helmets
when operating;
· Individuals may not carry passengers while operating on a
permit.
4
MOTORIZED SCOOTER
Any two-wheeled tandem or three-wheeled
device, that has handlebars, is designed to be
stood or sat upon by the operator, and is
powered by an electric or gas powered motor
that is capable of propelling the device with or
without human propulsion. The definition of a
"motorized scooter" shall not include a
motorcycle, motorized bicycle, or three-wheeled
motorized wheelchair.
OPERATION OF MOTORIZED SCOOTERS
Under Massachusetts law, motorized scooters fall into the
category of "motor vehicles" and are therefore regulated by the
Registrar of Motor Vehicles. Individuals must have a valid
learner's permit or driver's license to operate a motorized
scooter. Any individual who operates a motorized scooter is
subject to the motor vehicle laws of Massachusetts. However,
the Registrar of Motor Vehicles does not require that motorized
scooters be registered.
The Registrar of Motor Vehicles has further determined that
"mini-motorcycles" and "pocket bikes" are motorized scooters.
All motorized scooters must be equipped with operational
"stop" and "turn" signals and must meet all federal motor
vehicle safety standards. The following limitations apply:
· Individuals may not operate at speeds greater than 20 mph;
· Individuals may not operate on state highways or limited
access roadways with signs prohibiting bicycles or scooters;
· Individuals may not operate upon any way after sunset or
before sunrise;
· Individuals may operate motorized scooters on public ways;
· Individuals must keep to the right side of the roadway at all
times, including when passing a motor vehicle which is
moving in the travel lane of the way;
· Individuals must use the proper electronic and hand signals
before stopping or turning;
· Individuals must wear United States Department of
Transportation (US DOT) approved helmets when operating;
· Individuals may not carry passengers while operating a
motorized scooter.
5
LICENSING REQUIREMENTS
PERMITS
Any individual who is seeking a Massachusetts Motorcycle
License ("Class M") must obtain a learner's permit prior to
applying for such a license. To obtain a learner's permit, an
individual must be at least sixteen (16) years of age, complete
an application, present valid identification, pay a fee, and pass
a written examination.
Permit holders are only authorized to operate during daylight
hours (sunrise to sunset). Permit holders are prohibited from
carrying passengers while operating a motorcycle. An
individual cannot convert the learner's permit to a valid
Massachusetts Motorcycle License until having successfully
completed the requisite road examination or the
Massachusetts Rider Education Program. Any permit holder
failing the motorcycle road examination twice must
successfully complete an approved rider training program
before scheduling another motorcycle road examination or
MREP. Prior to the issuance of a Massachusetts Motorcycle
License, an individual must pay all associated licensing fees.
LICENSES
Any individual meeting the above referenced permit
requirements who is at least sixteen and one-half (16 ½) years
of age and who has not had a driver's license or the right to
operate revoked may apply to begin the process of obtaining a
Class M license at any full-service RMV Branch.
6
LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR MINORS
Massachusetts requires all individuals under age eighteen (18)
to possess a restricted operator's license. This restricted
operator's license is issued to minors between sixteen and
one-half (16 ½) and eighteen (18) years of age and termed a
Junior Operator's License (JOL). Minors seeking or holding a
JOL must additionally comply with the following requirements:
· Possess a learner's permit for a period of at least six (6)
months prior to taking the road examination;
· Maintain a clean driving record for a period of at least six (6)
consecutive months prior to taking the road examination;
· If under age 18, may not operate a motor vehicle between
the hours of 12:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m.
7
LICENSE FEES
EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 2003
Class A (5 Year License)............................................. $60.00
Class B (5 Year License) ............................................. $50.00
Class C (5 Year License) ............................................. $40.00
Class D (5 Year License) ............................................. $40.00
Class M(5 Year License) [Motorcycle Only] ................ $40.00
Motorcycle Endorsement (on existing license) ............ $15.00
License Application and Road Test (for all classes).... $20.00
Class A Permit Application
(2 year Permit with Combination Vehicle Endorsement)... $40.00
Permit Application (2 Year Permit Classes B, C, D, M) .. $30.00
CDL Endorsement (with CDL Permit Application) ...... $10.00
CDL Endorsement (after CDL Permit Issued) ............ $30.00
(Each additional CDL Endorsement during same
transaction)...............................................................$10.00
Amend License (Add/Delete Restrictions)................... $15.00
Duplicate License ........................................................ $20.00
Duplicate Permit .......................................................... $15.00
Duplicate HazMat Certificate ........................................$10.00
Mass Identification Card (5 Year ID) ........................... $15.00
Liquor Identification Card (5 Year ID) .......................... $25.00
Amend Identification Card .......................................... $10.00
Duplicate Identification Card........................................ $15.00
Out of State License Conversion
Class A ................................................................. $110.00
Class B ................................................................. $100.00
Class C.....................................................................$90.00
Class D.....................................................................$90.00
Class M ....................................................................$90.00
Motorcycle Endorsement (on existing license)........ $15.00
Currently, you can opt to pay the written examination, road
examination, and licensing fee when you take the written
examination. MREP participants are urged to pre-pay all
associated fees. If you choose not to pay all associated fees
at that time, you can pay the remaining fees when you book
your road examination. If you are a new Massachusetts
resident and have an out-of-state driver's license, you may be
eligible to convert your license without testing.
8
SKILLS EXAMINATION
EQUIPMENT
The motorcycle you use for your Class M road examination
should be safe and in good working order. Your examination
will be canceled if the examiner believes your motorcycle is
unsafe. Additionally, you must show the examiner your
motorcycle's registration document and a valid inspection
sticker.
Motorcycles registered in Massachusetts must undergo an annual
safety inspection and receive a passing inspection certificate.
If your motorcycle is registered out of state, you will have to
show the examiner proof of insurance coverage equal to
Massachusetts' minimum limits, which are $20,000/$40,000 for
bodily injury and $5,000 for property damage.
As a motorcycle operator, you must also wear a US DOT
standard helmet. State law requires your helmet to comply
with the US DOT's Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No.
218. Helmets meeting this standard will be labeled with
stickers on the interior and exterior of the helmet.
When operating a motorcycle, operators must wear
eyeglasses, goggles, or a protective face shield, unless the
motorcycle has a windshield or screen.
EXAMINATION PROCEDURES
You should arrive at least fifteen (15) minutes prior to your
scheduled road examination appointment. You will not be able
to take your examination if you arrive late.
Before your road examination begins, the RMV examiner will
inspect your motorcycle to insure that it is registered, properly
insured, inspected, and that all equipment is in good working
order.
As a pre-road examination, the RMV examiner will assess your
knowledge of motorcycle equipment and controls. For the
road examination, the RMV examiner will observe your ability
to operate a motorcycle. Your road examination will consist of
some or all of the following riding skills:
9
· "Figure-Eights" and "360° Circles" in both directions without
your feet touching the roadway.
· Normal starts and stops.
· Driving in traffic.
· Crossing intersections.
· Making turns.
· Riding up and down hills.
If you fail two (2) motorcycle road examinations for a Class M
license, you must enroll in and successfully complete a
beginner riding course approved by the Registrar of Motor
Vehicles prior to scheduling another road examination.
COMMON REASONS FOR FAILING A ROAD
EXAMINATION
· You were at fault in an accident with another motor vehicle,
pedestrian, or object.
· You were driving in a way that may have caused an
accident or in a way the RMV examiner considered
dangerous.
· You violated a motor vehicle law, rule, or regulation.
· You demonstrated a lack of experience safely operating a
motorcycle.
· You refused to follow the RMV examiner's instructions.
· You drove contrary to the RMV examiner's instructions.
10
POLICIES ON CANCELLATIONS &
FEES
Road examinations will be canceled automatically when the
Governor declares a state of emergency. If the Governor
declares an emergency in a particular region, only road
examinations in that region will be canceled. Also, RMV
examiners may cancel road examinations when weather
conditions are considered unsafe. To determine if your road
examination has been canceled, please call the RMV's Phone
Center at 617-351-4500. In any of the preceding cases, you
may schedule a new road examination at no additional charge.
However, you will be charged the road examination fee if you:
· Fail the examination.
· Are unprepared for the examination.
· Are refused the examination because your vehicle fails to
pass the RMV examiner's inspection.
· Fail to appear for or are late for your examination.
· Cancel or reschedule your examination less than twenty-
four (24) hours before your scheduled examination time.
11
PREPARING TO RIDE
As a motorcycle rider, what you do before you start a trip goes
a long way toward determining whether or not you will get to
where you want to go safely. Before taking a trip, a safe and
responsible rider makes a point to:
· Check the motorcycle's equipment.
· Become familiar with the motorcycle.
· Use proper face and eye protection.
· Wear the right gear.
PROPER EQUIPMENT
Massachusetts law requires motorcycles to meet minimum
safety equipment standards. A motorcycle operator must
ensure that all safety equipment items are in good working
order. Items include, but are not limited to, the motorcycle's
horn, rearview mirror, fenders, mufflers, brakes, and lighting.
The front of the motorcycle must be fitted with a white, properly
aimed headlight. If attached to a motorcycle, a sidecar must
be fitted with a white forward facing light. The rear of the
motorcycle must be fitted with a red tail light, a stoplight, and a
white light to illuminate the license plate.
The motorcycle must be equipped with a secure seat for the
operator. Should the motorcycle be equipped for carrying
passengers, a secure seat, separate footpegs, and a handle
strap must be provided. Motorcycle handlebars must not rise
above an operator's shoulders when properly seated on the
motorcycle.
A motorcycle rider can further help to protect him/herself by
wearing the proper equipment. Selecting appropriate and
properly fitting gear prior to riding can improve rider comfort
and significantly reduce the risk of serious injury. In any crash,
the rider has a far better chance of avoiding serious injury if
properly equipped with an approved helmet, face and eye
protection, and protective clothing.
According to the United States Department of Transportation
(DOT) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
12
(NHTSA), there were thousands of injuries in motorcycle
related accidents last year. Furthermore, per vehicle mile
traveled, motorcycle riders were more likely than automobile
passengers to die in a traffic accident.
HELMET USE
According to NHTSA, motorcycle helmet use saves the lives of
hundreds of motorcyclists annually. Although a motorcycle
helmet cannot prevent many other types of injuries, it is
effective sixty-seven percent (67%) of the time in preventing
brain injury. Helmet use for motorcycle riders and passengers
is mandatory under Massachusetts law.
HELMET SELECTION
All motorcycle helmets sold in the United States are required to
meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 218, the
performance standard which establishes the minimum level of
protection motorcycle helmets must afford each user.
Helmets
Primarily, there are two types of motorcycle helmets providing
two different levels of coverage: the three-quarter and full
faced styled helmets. Please inspect the motorcycle helmet to
ensure that it meets DOT and state standards. Further inspect
the motorcycle helmet for any imperfections or obvious defects
such as cracks, loose padding, frayed straps, or exposed
metal. Ensure that the motorcycle helmet fits snugly and that
there are no distractions or blind spots. Finally, when riding,
ensure that the motorcycle helmet is securely fastened to your
head to maximize the level of protection in the event of an
accident.
Not all motorcycle helmet damage is obvious. Prior to
purchasing a used motorcycle helmet, first ensure that the
helmet is produced by a manufacturer or distributor that will re-
inspect the helmet for damage.
13
FACIAL PROTECTION
A plastic shatter-resistant faceshield (VESC-8) can help
protect your whole face in the event of a crash and provides
protection against wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects, and pebbles
thrown up from vehicles traveling ahead. For the safety of the
rider, it is recommended that you wear a full faceshield to
protect the eyes and face from elements and road hazards that
may otherwise distract the operator and increase the risk of
injury.
Goggles protect your eyes, though they will not provide
protection like a faceshield does. A windshield is not a
substitute for a faceshield or goggles. Most windshields,
eyeglasses, and sunglasses will not protect your eyes from the
wind.
Tinted eye protection should not be worn at night or any other
time where little light is available.
To be effective, eye and faceshield protection must:
· Be free of scratches.
· Be resistant to penetration.
· Give a clear view of either side.
· Fasten securely so it does not blow off.
· Permit air to pass through to reduce fogging.
· Permit enough room for eyeglasses or sunglasses, if
needed.
DEFENSIVE CLOTHING
Selecting the appropriate and proper gear prior to riding can
significantly reduce the risk of serious injury. Properly fitted
riding gear or layered clothing that allows the body to breathe
is recommended for riders of all skill levels. In cold or wet
weather, your clothes should keep you warm and dry, as well
as protect you from injury. You cannot control a motorcycle
well if you are numb from the cold. Riding for long periods in
cold weather can cause severe chill, fatigue, and even
hypothermia. A winter jacket should resist wind and fit snugly
at the neck, wrists, and waist. Good quality rain suits designed
for motorcycle riding resist tearing apart or ballooning at high
speeds.
14
Jackets and pants should cover your arms and legs
completely. They should fit snugly, yet loosely enough to
move freely. Leather and newer synthetic materials also
provide adequate protection for the motorcycle rider. It is
recommended that riders wear jackets even in warm weather
to prevent dehydration. Many jackets are designed to protect
you without allowing your body to overheat.
Boots and shoes should be high enough to cover your ankles
and sturdy enough to give them support. Soles should be
made of hard, durable, slip-resistant material. Keep heels
short so they do not catch on rough surfaces. Tuck laces in so
they will not catch on your motorcycle.
Gloves allow a better grip and help protect your hands in an
accident. Your gloves should be made of leather or a
synthetic, durable material capable of providing the necessary
protection.
15
YOUR MOTORCYCLE
RIDER CHECKLIST
A motorcycle needs more frequent attention than other types
of motor vehicles. It is strongly recommended that you make a
complete check of your motorcycle prior to each ride. A
thorough check of the motorcycle can help to identify a
mechanical defect or equipment failure which might
unnecessarily place the rider in a dangerous position.
Before mounting the motorcycle, perform the following checks:
· Tires Check the air pressure, general wear, and tread.
· Fluids Check oil and fluid levels. Also inspect the
underside of the motorcycle for signs of oil and gas leaks.
· Lighting Check motorcycle switches to ensure that all
lighting is working properly.
· Turn signals Check both right and left turn signals to
ensure that signals are working properly.
· Clutch and Throttle The clutch should feel tight and
smooth. The throttle should snap back when released.
· Mirrors Clean and adjust both mirrors prior to riding.
· Brakes Try the front and rear brake one at a time. Make
sure each one feels firm and holds the motorcycle when the
brake is fully applied.
· Horn Make sure the horn is working properly.
16
FAMILIARITY
Make sure that you are completely familiar with the motorcycle
prior to riding. This is particularly important if you are riding a
borrowed motorcycle. If you are using an unfamiliar
motorcycle:
· Make all the safety checks you would routinely perform on
your own motorcycle.
· Thoroughly inspect the equipment, particularly the turn
signals, horn, lighting switches, fuel control valve, and
engine cut-off switch. You should be able to find and
operate the equipment without having to look for it.
· Check the controls. Make sure you know the gear pattern.
Work the throttle, clutch, and brakes a few times prior to
riding. All controls react a little differently.
· Ride very cautiously until you become familiar with the
manner in which the motorcycle handles. For instance,
accelerate gently, take turns more slowly, and leave
yourself additional room for either maneuvering or stopping.
Motorcycle Controls
17
RIDING WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
This manual can help to educate novice and experienced
riders alike about controlling motorcycle direction, speed, and
balance. Professional instruction, practice, and safe
responsible riding will further enhance rider safety.
Recognizing the control needed to avoid injury is critical for
riders of all abilities. Control begins with knowing your abilities
and riding within them and the rules of the road.
BODY POSITION & POSTURE
To property control the motorcycle, your body must be in the
proper position. Your body should be relaxed but fairly erect.
This allows you to use your arms to steer the motorcycle rather
than to hold yourself up.
SEAT
Sit close enough to the handlebars to reach them with your
arms slightly bent. Bending you arms permits you to turn the
handlebars without having to stretch.
HANDS Holding Handlegrips
Hold the handlegrips firmly to help
keep your grip over rough surfaces.
Start with you wrists flat. This will
help keep you from accidentally
using too much throttle, particularly if
you need to reach for the brake
suddenly. Adjust the handlebars so
your hands are even with or below
your elbows.
KNEES
Hold your knees firmly against the gas tank. This will help your
balance as the motorcycle turns.
FEET
Keep your feet firmly on the footpegs to maintain balance. Do
not drag your feet along the ground. If your foot catches on
something, you could be injured and it could affect your control
of the motorcycle. Keep your feet near the controls so you can
use them quickly if needed. Do not point your toes downward
for they may get caught between the road and the footpeg.
18
TURNING
Approach turns and curves with caution. Acquiring the skills
necessary takes practice. New riders often have more
difficulty negotiating turns and curves than more experienced
riders. Limiting motorcycle speed will aid riders in successfully
negotiating the turns and helps to prevent crossing into
oncoming traffic, leaving the roadway, excessive braking, and
skidding out of control.
It is recommended that riders use these four steps for better
control:
Normal Turning
· Slow - Reduce speed before the turn
by closing the throttle and, if
necessary, applying both brakes.
· Look - Look through the turn to
where you want to go. Turn just
your head, not your shoulders, and
keep your eyes level with the
horizon.
· Lean - To turn, the motorcycle must
lean. To lean the motorcycle, press
on the handgrip in the direction of the turn. Press left--lean
left--go left. Press right--lean right--go right. Higher
speeds and tighter turns require the motorcycle to lean
more.
· Roll - Roll on the throttle through the turn. Maintain steady
speed or accelerate gradually.
19
Constant Curves Multiple Curves
Decreasing Curves Widening Curves
Avoid deceleration through the turn. In normal turns, the rider
and the motorcycle should lean together at the same angle. In
slow tight turns, lean only the motorcycle and keep your body
upright.
BRAKING
Your motorcycle has two brakes, one for each of the front and
rear wheel. You need to use both brakes to stop effectively.
The front brake is more powerful and can provide at least
three-quarters of your total stopping power. The front brake is
dangerous if not used properly. Here are some important tips
to remember while braking:
· Use both brakes every time you slow down or stop. Using
both brakes for even "normal" stops will allow you to
develop the necessary skills for using both brakes properly
in an emergency. Squeeze the front brake and press down
on the rear. Grabbing at the front brake or jamming down
on the rear can cause the brakes to lock, which results in
control problems.
· Apply both brakes at the same time. Many individuals
believe that the rear brake should be applied first. That is
not true. The sooner you apply the front brake, the sooner
it will start slowing you down.
20
· The front brake can be used in a turn, provided the proper
technique is applied. When leaning the motorcycle, some
of the traction is used for cornering, so less traction is
available for stopping. A skid can occur if you apply too
much brake.
· Some motorcycles have integrated braking systems that
link the front and rear brakes together by applying the rear
brake pedal. Consult the owner's manual on the operation
and effective use of these systems.
SHIFTING GEARS
To properly shift gears, a rider must possess a certain level of
skill and coordination. Shifting gears is more than simply
getting the motorcycle to accelerate smoothly. Proper gear
selection and execution when upshifting, downshifting, turning,
or starting from a stopped position is important for safe
motorcycle operation and minimizes the risk of an accident.
DOWNSHIFTING
It is important that a rider shift down through all gears when
slowing down or stopping. Remain in first gear while stopped
so you can move quickly if the need arises. Make certain you
are traveling slowly enough when shifting into a lower gear.
Traveling too fast may cause the motorcycle to lurch and the
rear wheel to skid. Use added caution when riding downhill or
shifting into first gear, for you may need to use the brakes in
order to shift safely.
21
SHIFTING IN A TURN
It is recommended that a rider change gears prior to entering a
turn, although in certain circumstances, shifting in a turn may
be necessary. Do not attempt to upshift or downshift in a turn
unless you can shift smoothly. A sudden change in power to
the rear wheel can cause it to lock or spin. The result can be a
skid.
STARTING ON A HILL
It is more difficult to start the motorcycle moving on an upgrade
than on flat ground. There is always the danger of rolling
backwards into a vehicle behind you. Here are some
important tips to remember when starting on a hill:
· Use the front brake to hold the motorcycle while you start
the engine and shift into first gear.
· Change to the foot brake to hold the motorcycle while you
operate the throttle with your right hand.
· Open the throttle a little bit for more power.
· Gradually ease out the clutch.
· Release the foot brake when the engine begins to slow
down. This means the engine is taking hold.
· Continue to release the clutch gradually. If you release it
too quickly, the front wheel may come off the ground, the
engine may stop, or both.
22
AVOIDING COLLISIONS
A safe and responsible rider significantly reduces the risk of
being injured in an accident by riding defensively. As a rider,
you cannot be certain that motor vehicle drivers will be aware
of your presence. Riding defensively incorporates rider
preparation, communication, and caution. To lessen your
chances of being in an accident:
· Be visible - wear proper clothing, always use your headlight,
and ride in the best lane position.
· Communicate your intentions - use the proper signals,
brake light, and lane position.
· Maintain an adequate space cushion - following, being
followed, lane sharing, passing, and being passed.
· Scan 10 to 15 seconds ahead of your path of travel.
· Identify potential hazards or conflicts and consider your
escape options before they develop.
· Be prepared to act - remain alert and know how to carry out
proper accident avoidance skills.
BE VISIBLE
In crashes involving motorcycles, motor vehicle drivers often
cite the lack of rider visibility as the leading cause of the
accident Both from ahead and from behind, a motorcycle's
outline is much smaller than that of other motor vehicles.
Therefore, even if a motor vehicle driver recognizes your
presence, you are not necessarily safe. Often it is easy for
motor vehicle drivers to mistake a rider's distance and speed
because smaller vehicles appear farther away and seem to be
traveling slower than they actually are. A rider can take
several measures to help motor vehicle drivers recognize their
presence on the road.
CLOTHING
Most accidents involving motorcycles occur during the daylight
hours. The use of brightly colored clothing and reflective tape
on motorcycle helmets and equipment helps make riders more
noticeable. Selecting bright orange, red, yellow, and green
jackets or vests will increase rider visibility. Should you
choose to not wear any brightly colored clothing, consider a
reflective vest which will alert drivers of your presence.
23
HEADLIGHT
The best way to alert motor vehicle drivers of your presence on
a motorcycle is to keep the headlight on at all times. Research
shows that during daylight hours a motorcycle with its
headlights on becomes twice as noticeable to oncoming
drivers. Riders should consider using their motorcycle's high-
beam lights during daylight hours for added visibility.
BRAKE LIGHT
A motorcycle's brake light is usually not as noticeable as the
brake lights on an automobile, particularly if the motorcycle's
tail light is on. Flashing your brake lights before slowing or
stopping will help alert fellow drivers of your intentions. It is
especially important to flash your brake lights if being followed
too closely ("tailgated".) Often a tailgater is focused solely on
your motorcycle and may be unaware of a road hazard ahead.
Use caution at locations where a motor vehicle driver might not
expect a rider to turn, slow, or stop.
COMMUNICATING YOUR INTENTIONS
The signals used by a motorcycle rider are similar to those
used by a motor vehicle operator. Signals are important as
they communicate to others traveling on the road what your
intentions are. Coupled with a rider's added vulnerability,
signals take on even greater significance. Riders should also
be familiar with hand signals and routinely incorporate both
manual and electronic signals as part of their riding strategy.
Stop Right Left
24
TURN SIGNALS
Turn signals perform two essential functions:
1. Turn signals alert fellow drivers of what your intentions are.
It is recommended that a rider always use turn signals when
changing lanes, even when a vehicle may not be present.
2. Turn signals help make a motorcycle rider more visible. A
driver traveling behind you is more likely to see a turn signal
than a taillight.
It is good practice to use turn signals, even when planning to
do the obvious, for it allows drivers to react accordingly.
Failing to cancel your turn signal can be as problematic as not
activating it. A turn signal left blinking is dangerous and may
cause a driver anticipating a turn to enter your path of travel.
Check your instrument panel to determine whether your turn
signal has been properly canceled.
HORN
A motorcycle horn is helpful in getting the attention of another
motor vehicle operator or pedestrian. Motorcycle riders should
be prepared to use their horn in the event of an emergency.
Horn use is also recommended when the ability to safely pass
a motor vehicle entering your lane of travel is in question. A
motorcycle rider should be ready to stop or swerve from
danger in the following situations:
· A driver in the adjacent lane is quickly approaching another
vehicle and may attempt to overtake or pass the rider.
· A driver opening the door of a parked motor vehicle
threatens rider safety.
· A pedestrian walking or bicyclist riding in the street.
POSITION
Size can work to the Lane Positions
advantage of the motorcycle
rider. Unlike motor vehicle
operators who have few
options as to the position of
their vehicle within a lane of
travel, motorcycle riders can
properly position the cycle to
heighten visibility. Each
25
marked traffic lane gives a motorcycle rider three distinct paths
of travel, as illustrated on the previous page. To maximize the
chances of being seen, a motorcycle rider should:
Blind Spots
· Avoid traveling in another vehicle's
"blind spot." When passing a motor
vehicle, get through the driver's blind
spot as quickly as possible. Make the
determination early whether to pass
the motor vehicle or to drop back.
Approach the motor vehicle with
caution, and once alongside, speed
up and pass quickly.
· Take a position that Following
enables a motor vehicle
traveling ahead the
opportunity to spot you with
the use of vehicle mirrors.
Use a combination of lane
positioning and vehicle
lighting to assist fellow
motorists in recognizing
your motorcycle.
· When parking a motorcycle, Parking at Curbs
position or angle the motorcycle so
that drivers can be aware of its
presence. Efforts to enhance
motorcycle visibility will reduce the
risk of being unnecessarily struck or
injured by a motorist unaware of
your presence.
26
LOOKING FOR TROUBLE
Despite the many precautions a motorcycle rider can take,
there is no guarantee that a motorist will see you. A safe and
responsible rider is always "looking for trouble" to avoid. This
defensive riding strategy helps to reduce the probability of
being seriously injured or killed in an accident. SPIDER is an
acronym for the process detailing how a rider accomplishes
creating this safe riding environment.
Let us examine the process:
SCAN
PREDICT
IDENTIFY
DECIDE RMV
EXECUTE
RELY
SCAN--Monitor and aggressively search for potential hazards
while riding. Maintain an adequate space cushion between
vehicles to enhance rider safety. Anticipate and formulate a
strategy for escaping a hazardous situation.
PREDICT--The distance, speed, and direction of a hazard
significantly impacts the overall strategy employed by the rider.
It is important for the rider to anticipate and consider the effect
a hazard may have on fellow motorists. Recognizing and
estimating the consequences of your actions are steps a safe
and responsible rider takes in ensuring safety.
IDENTIFY--Locate hazards and the potential for danger.
Awareness and visibility will assist the rider in making a safe
and responsible decision given the following circumstances:
· Vehicles sharing the road with you may move quickly and
unexpectedly. A rider's reaction to uncertain traffic
conditions must be both quick and accurate to minimize the
likelihood of an accident.
27
· Animals and pedestrians create additional stress for riders
and increase the potential for danger. Their unpredictable
nature may influence and alter riding strategy.
· Stationary objects include potholes, guardrails, bridges,
roadway signs, hedges, and vegetation. These objects will
not move into your path but may complicate your riding
strategy.
DECIDE--Make a decision on how to act based upon the
types of hazards or conflicts you may encounter. The following
measures can be taken to help minimize the hazard or conflict:
· Communicate your presence to fellow motorists with the
assistance of vehicle lighting, equipment, and clothing.
· Adjust vehicle speed to the traffic conditions and hazards
which are present. The traffic environment will dictate
whether to accelerate, slow down, or come to a stop.
· Adjusting vehicle position will depend upon the nature of the
hazard and space cushion available to the rider. Changing
lanes, lane position, or direction may minimize the potential
for being injured in an accident.
EXECUTE--Follow through on the decision you have made.
Make a commitment to riding within your ability or skill level.
RELY--Rely on this process to create a safe riding
environment. Riders are encouraged to routinely incorporate
the SPIDER process and defensive riding strategy to avoid
potentially dangerous or fatal driving situations.
THE ROAD AHEAD
Experienced and respon-
sible riders focus their
attention on the road
ahead. This practice of
routinely looking well
ahead limits the rider's
exposure to dangerous or hazardous driving conditions. In the
city, it is recommended that a rider look from one-half (½)
block to one full block ahead. On the highway, it is
recommended that a rider look as far ahead as possible while
maintaining cycle control. Establishing an adequate space
28
cushion between vehicles gives the rider plenty of time to
adjust to the traffic environment. Having an adequate space
cushion helps the rider avoid panic stops or sudden swerves
that can pose an even greater danger. It is recommended that
a rider keep the following travel tips in mind:
· Constantly check road surfaces for slippery spots, bad
bumps, broken pavement, loose gravel, wet leaves, or
objects lying in the road. Pay particular attention on curves
and ramps where oil and gravel are known to collect.
· Use vehicle size to your advantage and make the
necessary adjustments. Looking past and through vehicles
traveling ahead which are stopping or attempting to turn
limits the potential for an injury or accident.
· Use added caution when approaching intersections and
areas of heavy congestion. Monitor pedestrian and vehicle
traffic that may enter your path of travel from side streets or
driveways. In heavy traffic where the potential for injury
increases, focus on finding an escape route which offers the
most protection.
THE ROAD BEHIND
While it is important to monitor vehicle traffic and hazards
ahead, a rider cannot afford to ignore situations that may
develop behind. Vehicles traveling behind the rider pose an
equally grave danger. The rider must recognize the potential
for being struck from behind and seriously injured.
Responsible riders must do more than simply checking vehicle
mirrors. The ability to anticipate vehicle lane changes while
safely adjusting riding behavior comes only through riding
experience. However, riders of all skill levels can reduce the
risk of being seriously injured or killed by riding defensively.
USING YOUR MIRRORS Using Mirrors
Checking vehicle mirrors is a critical
component in riding safety. It is
recommended that riders frequently
check mirrors as part of their on-road
riding routine. Like passenger motor
vehicles, all motorcycles have "blind
spots" that can impair or distort
vehicle visibility. Checking vehicle
mirrors every few seconds will enable
29
the rider to respond appropriately and safely when traffic
conflicts or hazards arise. Traffic conditions are constantly
changing so it is important that a rider recognize and use
vehicle mirrors in the following situations:
Slowing
· Pay particular attention when slowing
the cycle or coming to a sudden stop,
as vehicles following behind may be
unaware of the action a rider has
taken. If the vehicle following behind
is dangerously close, it may be best
for the rider to continue moving
forward to avoid serious injury.
Blind Intersections
· Intersections pose the greatest danger
for the motorcycle rider and should be
approached with extreme caution. An
intersection is any location where
traffic may cross a rider's path of
travel. Vehicles following closely
behind may be unaware of the hazard
or danger facing the rider, thereby
reducing the space cushion available
and jeopardizing rider safety.
· Prior to changing lanes, a responsible rider exercises
caution and incorporates a head turn to visually check for
vehicles that may be approaching or attempting to pass. An
experienced rider recognizes that vehicles traveling behind
may not be expecting a sudden turn at locations such as
intersections, side streets, and driveways.
Many motorcycles are equipped with rounded "convex"
mirrors. These mirrors allow greater visibility of the road
behind but conversely make objects appear farther away than
they actually are. If your motorcycle has convex mirrors and
you are unfamiliar with their use, practice until you become a
good judge of distance.
Convex Mirrors
30
KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE
It is extremely important that a rider maintain an adequate
cushion of space between vehicles. Increasing the distance
between vehicles will provide the rider with additional time that
may be needed to safely avoid a traffic hazard. The
experienced rider recognizes that space is the best protection
against being seriously injured or killed in a motor vehicle
accident.
DISTANCE IN FRONT
Motorcycles do not require the same stopping distance as
other motor vehicles. However, it is recommended that riders
subscribe to the "two-second" distance rule developed to help
riders avoid potentially dangerous situations. On the road
ahead, pick a fixed object like a sign post or tree. When the
vehicle in front of you reaches that object, count out "one one-
thousand, two one-thousand.....". If you reach the object
before you count two, you are following too closely. Slow
down until you have put enough distance between you and the
other vehicle. This rule provides riders with additional reaction
time that may be needed to address adverse traffic conditions.
A larger cushion of space may be needed if the traffic and road
conditions are unfavorable to the rider. If the area of travel is
unfamiliar, heavily congested, or the pavement is slippery, it is
recommended that riders subscribe to a "four-second" (or
more) distance rule. This added cushion of distance is
valuable and may be necessary given the traffic conflict or
hazard facing the rider.
DISTANCE BEHIND
Many motorcycle riders acknowledge that vehicles travel too
closely behind. Should this tailgating situation arise, increase
the stopping distance between the vehicles ahead to ensure
that a proper space cushion exists in the event of an
emergency or traffic hazard. If the opportunity presents itself,
change vehicle lanes allowing the motorist's vehicle to safely
pass.
31
DISTANCE TO THE SIDE
Because of vehicle size, motorcycle riders have the unique
ability to change positions within their lane of travel while
managing space to the sides, thus creating a greater cushion
of space. This added flexibility offers the rider an opportunity
to maintain the margin of safety required for safe operation.
An experienced and responsible rider changes positions as
traffic conditions change. The following are situations that may
require a change in lane position:
PASSING
When attempting to pass a vehicle, Passing
position the cycle in the left portion of
the travel lane at a safe following
distance to increase rider visibility.
Prior to activating your signals, check
for on-coming traffic and potential
road hazards. When there is
sufficient space, use vehicle mirrors
and a quick "head-check" to gauge
traffic conditions behind and to the
sides of the motorcycle before
signaling and accelerating to the
desired lane of travel. Quickly pass
through the operator's blind spot. Once safely past the
vehicle, again use vehicle mirrors and "head-checks" to gauge
traffic conditions before signaling and returning to your original
lane of travel.
BEING PASSED Being Passed
When being passed by a vehicle,
position the cycle in the center of the
travel lane. This added cushion of
space prevents the rider from being
sideswiped by passing vehicles or
inadvertently struck by road objects
and debris. Traveling in the center
of the travel lane further protects the
rider from wind shear or gusts
created by larger vehicles which can
significantly alter cycle control and
stability.
32
INTERSECTIONS
Statistically, intersections are one of the most dangerous areas
of travel for motorcycle riders. When approaching an
intersection, select a lane position that increases cycle
visibility. If a vehicle can enter your path of travel at an
intersection, assume that it will. Remain alert and search for
vehicles turning ahead or into your path of travel. Pass with
caution and adjust cycle speed to a level that promotes safe
and responsible operation.
Intersections
PARKED VEHICLES
When passing parked vehicles, Parked Vehicles
position the cycle in the left portion
of the travel lane to avoid problems
caused by either operators exiting
their vehicles or pedestrians
stepping between vehicles.
Cautiously approach vehicles
pulling away from curbs or parking
spaces. The potential for injury
with vehicles making U-turns
presents yet another danger to the
rider. To increase rider safety,
maintain an adequate space cushion and maximize the
benefits of lane position.
33
LANE SHARING
It is recommended that motorcycle riders avoid sharing lanes
with other vehicles. All motor vehicles are permitted to use the
full lane of travel to ensure safe operation. Motorcycle riders
are prohibited from riding alongside motor vehicles within a
marked travel lane. Position the cycle in the center of the
travel lane to discourage motorists from attempting to squeeze
by the cycle. Motorists are more prone to this type of behavior
when traveling in heavy traffic, passing vehicles, turning, and
entering or exiting highways. Further, a responsible rider
recognizes the potential for injury and avoids traveling between
rows of stopped motor vehicles.
CARS ALONGSIDE
It is recommended that motorcycle riders avoid riding
alongside other motor vehicles. Experienced riders recognize
that vehicles traveling in the adjacent lane may unexpectedly
change direction forcing the rider into a potentially dangerous
situation. Adjust cycle speed until a proper and adequate
cushion of space has been established between vehicles.
Merging Traffic
MERGING TRAFFIC
Do not assume that the operator of
a motor vehicle will recognize your
presence when merging onto a
highway. Minimize the potential for
danger by providing ample space to
those motor vehicles entering your
path of travel.
DANGEROUS SURFACES
Slippery and uneven surfaces,
obstacles, railroad tracks, and grooves or gratings can
significantly affect motorcycle traction and balance. Riders
should avoid traveling on surfaces that provide poor traction.
34
SLIPPERY SURFACES
Wet pavement, mud, snow and ice
covered roads, lane markings, steel
plates, and manhole covers are all
examples of surfaces that provide poor
traction to the rider. To reduce the risk
of being injured while traveling on
slippery surfaces, a rider can take
certain preventative measures.
Reducing cycle speed on slippery surfaces is one preventative
measure. A rider must recognize that slowing or stopping on
slippery surfaces requires greater distance. When road
conditions are unfavorable, it is particularly important that a
rider further reduce cycle speed prior to entering a curve where
skidding and loss of control are more probable.
Avoiding sudden moves on slippery surfaces is a second
preventative measure. A sudden change in direction or speed
may result in a cycle skid or loss of control exposing the rider
to even greater harm. On slippery surfaces, a rider should
focus on accelerating, shifting gears, turning, and braking as
smoothly as possible. If the slippery surface is small enough
to safely traverse, riders are encouraged to hold in the
motorcycle's clutch until safely past the hazard.
Using both the front and rear brakes on slippery surfaces is a
third preventative measure. A rider should have confidence in
using the front brake even on slippery surfaces. Applying the
brakes gradually will help prevent the wheels from locking and
skidding. When traveling over icy surfaces, a rider should
avoid braking until safely past the hazard.
Experienced riders consistently search for the best possible
pavement to travel. On slippery surfaces, riders should use
added caution and aggressively search for hazards that may
interfere with the safe operation of the motorcycle. Adjusting
lane position and cycle speed may be necessary and prudent
when surfaces are slippery. A good rider must be able to
recognize the following surface hazards:
35
· When traveling on wet pavement, it is recommended that
riders follow in the wheel tracks of motor vehicles ahead.
Center lane travel may be hazardous due to the
accumulation of oil left on the surface by passing motor
vehicles. Riders should use added caution when
approaching intersections and toll-booths.
· When stopping or parking the cycle, be sure to search for
oil spots that may cause feet to slip. Securing the proper
footing will help prevent riders from losing their balance or
falling.
· When approaching intersections, curves, or freeway
entrance and exit ramps, be certain to remain away from
the road's edge where dirt and gravel often collect. Choose
a lane position that minimizes the risk of injury. Further
recognize that rain, snow, and ice covered surfaces pose a
hazard until completely dry.
VERY SLIPPERY AREAS
It is strongly recommended that riders avoid snow and ice
covered surfaces. Experienced riders recognize that
maintaining balance and cycle control are difficult on such
surfaces. However, should the rider be unable to avoid such a
surface, keep the cycle straight up and proceed as slowly as
possible, with feet skimming the surface for added balance
should the cycle begin to fall. If riding is impractical in
sections, consider "straddle-walking" the motorcycle to a
more suitable surface.
36
UNEVEN SURFACES OR
OBSTACLES
Uneven surfaces or obstacles such as broken pavement,
bumps, potholes, railroad tracks, and loose debris pose a
separate danger to the rider. The rider must first be able to
identify the obstacle and next determine whether there is
sufficient time and opportunity to safely clear the obstacle. If
both time and space permit, the rider should slow the cycle or
change lane positions to avoid the obstacle. If posed with
having to ride over or clear the obstacle, the rider should
approach at a ninety degree angle (90º). It is important in
clearing an obstacle that a rider:
· Slow the cycle to reduce impact.
· Make certain the cycle is straight up.
· Just prior to reaching the obstacle, accelerate slightly to
lighten the front wheel.
· Rise slightly off the seat with weight on the footpegs to
minimize the chances of being thrown from the bike. Rising
slightly off the seat allows the rider to absorb and transfer
the shock of the obstacle to the rider's knees and elbows.
· Pull off the road to check tires and rims before proceeding.
RAILROAD OR TROLLEY TRACKS
Motorcycle riders are able to safely cross railroad tracks at
angles as sharp as forty-five degrees (45º). Riders are
discouraged from altering their ordinary course of travel to
cross railroad tracks at ninety degree angles (90º) . This
action may be more dangerous and result in the rider crossing
into on-coming traffic.
37
Cross Tracks - Correct Cross Tracks - Incorrect
Parallel Tracks - Correct Parallel Tracks - Incorrect
Motorcycle riders must proceed more cautiously when crossing
trolley tracks or pavement seams. Trolley tracks or pavement
seams running parallel to a rider's course of travel are
considered "edge-traps" and may cause loss of balance or
cycle control. It is recommended that riders make a quick and
sharp turn across trolley tracks and pavement seams. Riders
are encouraged to cross trolley tracks or pavement seams at
angles of at least forty-five degrees (45º).
GROOVES AND GRATINGS
Riding over rain grooves or metal bridge gratings may cause
the motorcycle to weave and can create an unsettling feeling
for the rider. Typically this activity is not dangerous provided
the rider limits sudden or extreme movements while attempting
to cross these types of surfaces. It is important for riders to
maintain their speed and direction until safely on solid road
surfaces.
Grate Crossing - Correct Grate Crossing - Incorrect
38
SWERVING OR TURNING QUICKLY
Even cautious riders may be forced to swerve or turn quickly to
avoid hitting an object in their path of travel. This sudden
adjustment or evasive maneuver may be the only way for a
rider to avoid a collision and serious injury. It is important for
riders to remain in their lane of travel in the event of an
emergency. Even when the obstacle is a motor vehicle, often
there is sufficient space within the lane for the rider to safely
pass. A good rider will adjust body and cycle position while
remaining focused on the obstacle.
A swerve can be described as any Swerve, Then Brake
sudden change in direction by the rider.
It can be either two quick turns or a
rapid shift to the side. This maneuver
can be safely performed by applying a
small amount of hand pressure to the
handlegrip in the direction a rider
wishes to travel. This action will cause
the motorcycle to lean quickly. The
sharper the turn, the more the
motorcycle will lean.
When safely past the hazard, apply a small amount of hand
pressure to the opposite handlegrip to return the cycle to its
original direction of travel. It is important when performing
such a maneuver to keep knees snugly against the tank with
feet firmly planted on the footpegs for added stability and cycle
control. Do not attempt to lean with the motorcycle; let the
motorcycle move beneath you. Riders should not attempt to
brake while swerving, as a skid could result and endanger the
rider.
QUICK STOPS
To avoid striking an object, riders may Brake, Then Swerve
be forced to quickly stop their
motorcycle. To quickly stop the cycle,
apply both brakes firmly and steadily.
Should the front wheel lock, immediately
release the front brake lever and gently
reapply brake pressure. Should the rear
wheel lock, provided the cycle is
traveling in a straight line, keep it locked
39
until the cycle has come to a complete stop. Under such
circumstances, riders are often able to safely control the cycle
despite having the rear wheel locked.
If forced to stop the cycle quickly while turning or riding a
curve, concentrate on straightening the cycle before attempting
to stop. When the cycle is upright, apply firm and steady brake
pressure. If there is no opportunity to straighten the cycle,
apply both brakes gradually while increasing brake pressure
until safely stopped.
FLYING OBJECTS
Occasionally, motorcycle riders are struck by insects, small
pebbles, or debris from passing motor vehicles. A rider can
significantly reduce the risk of injury by wearing the proper
clothing and facial protection. Riders opting not to wear facial
protection may be struck in the eyes, face, or mouth by such
objects. A rider who has been struck by such an object should
remain focused on the road ahead until the opportunity to
safely stop the cycle presents itself. Once safely to the side,
riders should check the cycle's equipment for damage while
making the necessary repairs before returning to the road.
ANIMALS
A motorcycle rider should make every effort to avoid hitting an
animal. However, it is recommended in heavily congested
traffic areas that riders avoid swerving into adjacent lanes of
travel to avoid hitting the animal. Riders have a better chance
of surviving impact with an animal as opposed to impact with a
motor vehicle.
Motorcycles have a tendency to attract dogs, which may
attempt to chase or catch the cycle. Should the rider be
chased, it is important not to kick at the animal, for the rider
could easily lose balance and cycle control. The rider should
downshift and approach the animal slowly. Upon reacing the
animal, the rider should speed up quickly and leave the animal
safely behind.
.......
40
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
Mechanical problems create both uncertainty and danger for
the rider. In the event of a mechanical breakdown, it is
imperative that the rider remain focused on traffic conditions
and the road ahead. The following are guidelines which may
assist the rider in handling a mechanical emergency safely.
TIRE FAILURE & BLOWOUTS
Tire failure and blowouts pose a serious risk of injury to the
rider and fellow motorists. Poor handling and stability are often
reliable indicators of tire failure. Experienced riders who
recognize these signs are able to react quickly to the situation.
Riders experiencing such difficulty should avoid sudden
braking and immediately pull off to the side of the road to
check for tire failure.
Front and rear tire failures must be treated
differently. Front tire failure is particularly
dangerous for it affects cycle steering and
control. For riders experiencing front tire failure,
it is recommended that the rider shift his or her
weight to the rear of the motorcycle for added
balance and stability. Rear tire failure may
cause the cycle to swerve harshly form side to
side. For riders experiencing rear tire failure, it is
recommended that the rider remain seated with no weight shift
to either the front or rear of the cycle.
Should either tire go flat while riding, hold the handle grips
firmly and attempt to maintain a straight course of travel.
Presuming you are able to identify the failure, gradually apply
the brake to the tire which has not failed. As the cycle begins
to slow, cautiously move towards the edge of the roadway
where it is safe to stop.
STUCK THROTTLE
A stuck throttle on a motorcycle may be remedied by twisting
the throttle back and forth several times. This twisting may
free the throttle cable and allow the operator to regain engine
control. If the rider is unable to free the throttle, it is
recommended that the rider activate the engine cut-off switch
while holding in the cycle's clutch. This action will remove
41
power from the cycle's rear wheel, allowing the rider to safely
regain control. Once safely stopped, the rider should check
the throttle cable carefully to locate the source of trouble. A
good rider will ensure that the throttle is working properly
before continuing to ride.
WOBBLE
A situation may arise when the front wheel of the motorcycle
and handlebars suddenly start to shake from side to side. This
action can be described as "wobble" and is most often
attributable to improper loading, unsuitable cycle accessories,
or incorrect tire pressure. Some common causes are loose
wheel bearings and spokes, bent or misaligned wheels,
windshields or farings improperly mounted or unsuitable for the
cycle, improper weight distribution, and overloading.
Attempting to accelerate out of a wobble will only make the
cycle more unstable. A rider can safely manage wobble by
grasping the handlegrips firmly and slowly, closing the throttle
to reduce cycle speed. Riders are discouraged from applying
the brakes, as braking could make the wobble worse. Shifting
rider weight as far forward and down as possible will lessen
the vibration and enable the rider to regain sufficient control.
The rider should safely stop the cycle and attempt to identify
the wobble, making load shifts and mechanical adjustments as
necessary. If the rider is unable to determine the cause of the
wobble, have the motorcycle inspected thoroughly by a
qualified professional motorcycle mechanic.
CHAIN PROBLEMS
A motorcycle chain that slips or
breaks while riding may cause the
rear wheel of the cycle to lock and
skid, endangering the rider. The
rider may first notice slippage
when either accelerating quickly or
riding uphill. Tightening the chain may initially help to reduce
the slippage. If the problem persists, inspect for a worn or
stretched chain or bent sprockets, which may necessitate
chain replacement.
A rider will recognize a chain break due to the instant loss of
power to the cycle's rear wheel. If this situation should arise,
42
roll off and close the throttle while gently braking to a safe stop
at the road's edge. Chain slippage or breakage can be
avoided through routine and proper maintenance.
ENGINE SEIZURE
An engine and its moving parts require oil and lubricants to
move smoothly. Without the proper lubricants, moving parts
cannot move freely, thereby creating friction which may cause
the engine to overheat and seize. Engine seizures are most
often attributable to low oil pressure. To avoid engine
seizures, riders should routinely check the cycle's oil and
lubricant reservoirs to ensure they are sufficiently full. Should
the engine seize while riding, riders are instructed to squeeze
and hold the clutch lever to disengage the engine from the rear
wheel. Once the cycle has safely come to a stop, stand away
from the cycle and let the engine cool before attempting to
restart.
43
CARRYING PASSENGERS & CARGO
Experienced and responsible riders recognize that carrying
passengers or heavy loads requires additional skills. The
added weight significantly changes motorcycle handling,
balance, acceleration, and stopping distance. Riders are
encouraged to practice riding with lighter loads before
attempting to carry passengers. This adjustment in riding
strategy promotes safe riding and reduces the risk of serious
injury to the rider or passengers.
PASSENGER SAFETY & INSTRUCTION
Passenger safety starts with proper direction and instruction.
Riders should not make the presumption that passengers are
familiar with motorcycle handling, control, or balance. As a
routine practice, good riders will instruct their passengers on
cycling basics prior to starting their trip. Under Massachusetts
law, all passengers are required to wear US DOT approved
helmets. Passengers are encouraged to wear protective
clothing and face protection. The following are recommended
practices concerning passenger safety:
· Climb aboard the motorcycle after the engine has been
started.
· Sit comfortably close to the rider without hindering rider
control.
· Hold tightly to the rider's waist or hips for added balance.
· Keep feet firmly planted on the cycle's footpegs, even at
stops.
· Remain directly behind and lean with the rider through turns
and curves.
· Limit conversation and movement when the cycle is in
operation.
PASSENGERS & EQUIPMENT
Having the proper equipment is essential for safe and
responsible riding. Riders should be certain that the cycle is
properly equipped for carrying passengers. Riders should not
have to adjust seating position to accommodate passengers.
The cycle's seat should be large enough to hold both the rider
and passenger without crowding. Passengers must be able to
place their feet firmly on footpegs located at the rear of the
44
cycle. Proper footing helps to maintain passenger balance and
prevents accidental falls from the rear of the cycle. A secure
handle strap must be provided when carrying passengers.
Riders and passengers should remain committed to wearing
protective clothing and face protection while riding.
RIDING WITH PASSENGERS
Carrying a passenger will cause the
motorcycle to respond and handle in
a different manner. The added
weight of the passenger will require
the rider to adjust operating speed
on rougher surfaces, sloped terrain,
and curved roadways. Minor
adjustments to the cycle's
suspension and tire pressure may
be required depending on passenger weight. Riders should
incorporate a larger cushion of space when stopping or
slowing the cycle. Warning passengers of approaching
hazards will reduce the risk of injury and surprise. If the rider
must speak with the passenger while riding, a slight head turn
while maintaining focus on the road and traffic conditions
ahead is suggested.
CARRYING LOADS
Small loads can be carried safely if properly secured and
fastened to the motorcycle. Riders are encouraged to secure
loads low to the seat and not against rear seat frames. Loads
mounted behind the rear wheel axle upset cycle balance and
affect braking. Placing loads low and over wheel axles helps
to maintain cycle stability and control.
If the motorcycle is equipped with saddlebags, make certain
the load distribution in each bag is approximately the same.
Failing to distribute the load evenly may cause the cycle to pull
to one side. Overloading may also cause the bags to catch in
the wheel or chain, locking the rear wheel and prompting the
cycle to skid.
It is recommended that riders securely fasten the loads with
elastic cords. Elastic cords help prevent the loads from shifting
or falling while riding. Checking loads frequently for proper
45
balance and positioning will increase rider safety and reduce
the risk of injury.
GROUP RIDING
The size of your motorcycle makes it difficult for fellow
motorists to recognize your presence. If done so in a manner
that neither endangers nor interferes with the free flow of
traffic, riding with other cyclists can help to increase rider
visibility and safety. Concentration and communication are
essential to group rider safety. The following
recommendations will enhance safety and reduce the risk of
injury for those cyclists riding together in groups.
SMALL GROUPS
Traveling together in smaller groups will provide riders with the
necessary time and space to adjust to traffic hazards or
objects that may interfere with safe operation. Small group
travel will also enable fellow motorists to safely pass while
reducing the risk of rider separation. Should the number of
cyclists traveling together exceed five or six, it is
recommended that the riders split into two separate travel
groups to ensure safety.
GROUP COHESION
Communication and planning are essential to group cohesion
and safety. Planning ahead will help reduce the risk of injury
and rider separation. The following are recommended
practices for group riding:
· Be certain that all riders know the route and destination
ahead of departure. This knowledge will reduce rider
anxiety and concerns of group separation.
· Place inexperienced riders towards the front of the group
where they can be carefully watched by more experienced
riders.
· If you are leading the group, aggressively scan ahead for
obstacles or traffic hazards that may interfere with safe
operation.
· Keep a sufficient amount of space between all riders
traveling in the group. A closely configured group of riders
is less prone to separation and easily recognized by fellow
motorists.
46
· Adjust cycle speed to maintain group cohesion. Use your
cycle's mirrors to recognize a change in pace or direction.
Should a rider fall behind, slow group speed to prevent
separation.
· Signal lane changes early to afford those riders traveling
behind the opportunity to safely complete the lane change.
· Riders should avoid "pairing up" while traveling. Operating
directly alongside another motorcycle is a dangerous
practice and jeopardizes both rider and group safety.
· Group riders are encouraged to travel in a "staggered"
formation. This staggered riding strategy places the lead
rider to the left side of the travel lane with the second rider
just behind and to the right side
of the travel lane. The third rider Staggering
would follow in behind the first
rider, leaving a minimum two
second travel cushion between
the first rider. The fourth rider
would follow in behind the second
rider, leaving a minimum two
second travel cushion between
the second rider. Riders should
break with formation and travel
single file when approaching
turns or curves and when
entering or exiting freeways.
47
PASSING INFORMATION
Riders traveling in a staggered formation are directed to pass
motor vehicles one rider at a time. When there is sufficient
space, the lead rider should quickly pass the motor vehicle and
promptly return to the original lane of travel. Once safely past,
riders are encouraged to maintain their original lane positions.
The remaining riders are directed to pass a motor vehicle in
the same manner.
Group Passing (Stage 1) Group Passing (Stage 2)
48
NIGHT RIDING
Nighttime operation can be dangerous because a rider's ability
to see and be seen by fellow motor vehicle operators is limited.
It is recommended that riders adjust their riding behavior to
compensate for this limited visibility. This adjustment includes
reducing cycle speed, maximizing headlight usage, and
increasing following distance. This cautious riding strategy will
provide riders with an opportunity to safely pass obstacles and
traffic hazards that may interfere with safe operation.
Massachusetts law requires riders to use their headlights one-
half (½) hour after sunset and one-half (½) hour before
sunrise.
49
GETTING OFF THE ROAD
Rider fatigue, equipment adjustments, mechanical defects, and
traffic emergencies may force a rider to get off the road. Good
riders keep a watchful eye on traffic conditions while safely
making their way to the roadside. Riders should be certain to
signal motor vehicles traveling behind of their intention to
change lanes or direction.
Experienced riders will scan roadside surfaces to determine if
the terrain is firm enough to safely ride on. Slowing motorcycle
speed when entering soft shoulders and grass medians will
enable riders to maintain cycle balance and control.
Once safely off the road, position the cycle as far as possible
from travel lanes to avoid being struck by passing motor
vehicles. To prevent the cycle from tipping, use added caution
when setting the cycle's kick-stand on sloped shoulders and
soft surfaces.
50
RULES OF THE ROAD
All travel on public roadways is controlled by a system of signs,
signals, pavement markings, driving laws, rules, and
regulations. No matter what type of vehicle you are driving or
what kind of road you are driving on, you must obey these
"rules of the road."
You must learn how to properly ride on:
· Streets, roads, alleys, and avenues;
· Traffic rotaries (circles); and
· Highways, expressways, and freeways.
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SPEED LIMITS
Riding too quickly (speeding) is one of the major causes of
motor vehicle crashes. To ensure safe roadways, speed laws
in Massachusetts are strictly enforced and carry severe
penalties. The faster you ride, the greater the distance you
need to react to a situation and to stop your motorcycle safely.
The fundamental speed law for motor vehicles
is that you must never travel faster than is
reasonable and proper for the current
conditions and public safety.
Regardless of what a posted speed limit sign says, how fast
you ride must depend on several factors:
· Traffic conditions -- number of vehicles on the road and
the speeds at which they are traveling.
· Road conditions -- quality of the road surface (rough or
smooth); the amount of water, ice, or snow on the road
surface; and the width of the roadway.
· Weather conditions and visibility -- adverse situations,
including rain, snow, ice, dust, and wind.
· Pedestrians or bicyclists -- people who might be
traveling along or crossing the road.
Regardless of any posted speed limit, you must decrease your
speed if any hazard exists. Never ride faster than the posted
speed limit. Sample speed limit signs appear in the margins.
All speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions. If
51
conditions are hazardous, you must adjust your speed and ride
more slowly.
Most roadways in the state have posted speed limits. Be
aware of changes in speed limits as you ride on different kinds
of roads or enter and exit highways. Limited-access highways,
like the interstate routes, have posted speed limits ranging
from 50 to 65 mph, while smaller highways have limits of 55
mph or lower.
Also, be aware that some highways post minimum speed
limits as well. In Massachusetts, the minimum speed on
interstate and limited access highways is 45 mph.
Unless posted otherwise, your speed would not be
considered reasonable and proper if you were riding
over...
· 20 mph in a school zone.
· 30 mph in a thickly settled or business district.
· 40 mph outside a thickly settled or business
district.
· 50 mph on a highway outside a thickly settled
or business district.
SCHOOL ZONES
The 20 mph speed limit on roads near schools can be posted
in various ways. The signs stating such limits may be
accompanied by flashing yellow lights or posted for certain
hours of the day. Look closely for signs indicating that you are
approaching or entering a school zone.
When entering a school zone, please ride
carefully. Scan aggressively for children crossing
the street or riding bicycles. Be aware of school
safety patrols or crossing guards that may be
directing traffic.
52
TRAFFIC SIGNALS
Traffic signals are lights that control the movement of vehicles
and pedestrians, usually at intersections. You must know what
each light means and obey its signals at all times.
Traffic signals typically consist of three round lights: red,
yellow, and green, from top to bottom. There are other types of
signals, such as single flashing lights or colored arrows.
Signals.84
STEADY RED
A steady red light means "STOP." Do not
proceed until the light turns green. You may
make a right turn on a red light only after
coming to a complete stop. You must also
yield to pedestrians or other vehicles in your
path before turning. You may not turn on red if
a NO TURN ON RED sign is posted.
If you are traveling on a one-way street and turning left onto
another one-way street, you are allowed to turn left on a red
light. Come to a complete stop and yield to pedestrians and
other vehicles before turning.
STEADY RED ARROW
A steady red arrow means the same as a
steady red stop circular signal (see the
preceding Steady Red section), but a steady
red arrow applies only to vehicles intending to
proceed in the direction of the arrow. The
same rules apply for TURNS ON RED.
FLASHING RED
A flashing red light means the same as a
STOP sign. You are required to bring your
motor vehicle to a complete stop. Obey the
right-of-way laws and proceed when it is safe
to do so. If a white stop line or crosswalk line is painted on the
pavement, you must stop before the line. When there are no
pavement markings, you must stop as close to the intersection
as needed to view traffic in both directions without entering the
intersection.
53
STEADY YELLOW
A steady yellow light means the traffic signal is
changing from green to red. You must stop if it
is safe to do so. If you are already stopped at
an intersection or a stop line, you may not
proceed.
FLASHING YELLOW
A flashing yellow light is a warning. Proceed
with caution, and stay alert. Look both ways
when crossing an intersection.
STEADY GREEN
A steady green light means go, but only after
you have yielded to other vehicles, bicycles, or
pedestrians in the road. If you are crossing an
intersection, make sure you have enough room
to make it completely through. Never block an
intersection. You may make a turn as long as
you have enough space to complete the turn and avoid
creating a hazard. Look out for drivers who are not obeying
traffic signals or are racing through intersections.
GREEN ARROW
A green arrow means you may proceed and turn
in the direction of the arrow. As long as a green
arrow displays for your turning lane, pedestrians
and oncoming vehicles should be stopped for
red lights. Look closely for signs authorizing
turns only on a green arrow.
TRAFFIC LIGHTS NOT WORKING
If traffic signals are not working as they
normally do, they will simply flash red or yellow
lights. In these cases, follow the rules for
flashing lights. If signals are blacked out and
not functioning, you must treat the intersection
as having stop signs in all directions. Proceed
when it is safe to do so.
54
PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS
Special lighted signals are often used
at crosswalks to indicate when
pedestrians may cross a roadway.
Pedestrians must obey the DON'T
WALK and WALK signals.
LAWS FOR MOTORCYCLE RIDERS &
PEDESTRIANS
Motorcycle riders and pedestrians alike are obligated to follow
certain traffic regulations and road rules which help ensure
safety. The following laws help to promote the safe interaction
between motorists and pedestrians.
MOTORCYCLE RIDERS
· You must yield to any pedestrians entering or using a
crosswalk in your travel path.
· Never let your motorcycle block a crosswalk.
· You must yield to pedestrians if your traffic signal is red or if
it is red and yellow.
· Never pass a vehicle that has stopped or is slowing for a
pedestrian.
PEDESTRIANS
· Use a crosswalk if one is available.
· At crosswalks with pedestrian signals, use the push button
on the signal pole and wait for the WALK signal.
Intersections without push buttons will give you WALK
signals automatically.
· Before you cross a roadway, stop at the curb and look left
and right for traffic. Be alert. Be especially aware of cars
turning onto the road you are crossing.
82
55
TRAFFIC SIGNS
Traffic signs control the flow of traffic, warn you of hazards
ahead, guide you to your destination, and inform you of
roadway services. As indicated below, traffic signs are
intentionally color coded to assist the operator.
RED - stop
GREEN - direction
YELLOW - general warning
BLACK/WHITE - regulation
BLUE - motorist service (e.g., gas, food, hotels)
BROWN - recreational, historic, or scenic site
ORANGE - construction or maintenance warning
STOP AND YIELD SIGNS
The STOP sign always means come to a
complete halt and applies to each vehicle that
comes to the sign. You must stop before any
crosswalk or stop line painted on the
pavement. Come to a complete stop, yield to
pedestrians or other vehicles, and proceed
carefully. Simply slowing down is not enough.
If a 4-WAY or ALL WAY sign is added to a
STOP sign at an intersection, all traffic approaching the
intersection must stop. The first vehicle in the intersection of a
four-way stop has the right of way.
When you see a YIELD sign, slow down and be
prepared to stop. Let traffic, pedestrians, or
bicycles pass before you enter the intersection
or join another roadway. You must come to a
complete stop if traffic conditions require it.
56
REGULATORY SIGNS
The United States is now using an international system of
traffic control signs that feature pictures and symbols rather
than words. The red-and-white YIELD and DO NOT ENTER
signs prohibit access or movement.
WARNING SIGNS
Yellow warning signs alert you to hazards
or changes in conditions ahead. Changes
in road layout, proximity to a school zone,
or some special situation are examples of
warning signs. Slow down and obey the
sign. Disregarding a warning sign is not
only dangerous, it is against the law.
GUIDE SIGNS
In the guide signs category you
will find route markers, distance-
and-destination signs, and
informational signs.
Green signs give highway directions and guide you through
highway interchanges.
Blue signs list motorist services, like gas, food, and lodging.
Brown signs direct you to public recreational areas, state and
national parks, historical points of interest, and scenic sites.
In Massachusetts, numbered state highway routes are posted
on white, rectangular signs with black letters and borders.
Interstate highway signs are blue, red, and white shields.
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
ROAD WORK WARNINGS
When people are repairing or constructing
roadways, their work areas are protected from
Drum traffic by orange warning signs and other
devices. These signs and devices may be
mounted with warning flags or yellow flashing
lights. These warnings help to guide
Barricade pedestrians and vehicle traffic safely through a
work zone and past any hazards.
57
Many of these warning signs use the same
symbols as yellow warning signs, but you
should take extra care when orange signs
Tubuar Marker are posted. Traffic and road conditions
around work zones often change quickly.
In addition to posting orange warning signs,
road work crews can use a number of
channeling devices to keep traffic in lanes
Traffic cone and away from hazards. Sometimes,
electric warning arrow signs will direct
traffic flow near a work zone.
When a flag person or police officer is
directing traffic around a work zone, you
must obey the flagger's or officer's signals
or directions.
Work zone flag
person Know signs by their appearances so you
can recognize them at a distance.
Stop School Zone Guide/Information
Yield Regulation No Passing Zone
Warning Railroad Crossing Interstate Highway
Know traffic signs by their shapes
Lighted directional signs
58
REGULATORY WARNING
Traffic signal
ahead School zone
Lane merging
from right,
No right turn watch for other
traffic
Traffic moves only Stop ahead
in one direction School crossing
No left turn Road narrows
or right lane
ends
Maximum
height allowed
No U turn You may not
overtake another
vehicle Road slippery
Road curves when wet
left
Divided
highway begins
You may not turn
right after stopping Area off paved
at a red light road is soft dirt
Winding road, and could be
hazardous
All traffic must go left do not pass Divided
highway ends
No pedestrians
You may not
Crossroad Pedestrian cross the yellow
Keep to the right of ahead crossing line to pass
the upcoming median
or lane divider
Playground
Road entering Deer crossing
Deer crossing Playground
Playground
from the right
No trucks
No parking allowed
between posted
hours Road ends at Traffic may Two-way traffic
junction flow on both
No bicycles 59 sides of sign
GUIDES & DIRECTIONS ROAD WORK
Interstate Information Gas
highway route Road work
marker
Detour
Hospital Lodging
Massachusetts
state highway
route marker
Lane closing
Telephone Food
Road crew flag
person ahead
Access for those
with disabilities Picnic area
Junction with a
numbered route
ahead Work in
progress on the
Highway rest area side of the road
Scenic overlook
Maintenance or public
Destination Highway utility crew ahead
directions mile Motorist services
markers
Notice
Notice of Parking Point of interest
destination - Exit facilities
Roadway detour
Destination Notice of Freeway interchange sign directions
distances, highway exits,
in miles in miles 60
RAILROAD CROSSINGS
A round warning sign will usually alert you to an
upcoming railroad crossing. When you see this
sign, slow down and prepare to stop. If you see
or hear a train approaching, do not speed up
and try to beat the train to the crossing. Railroad
crossing
ahead
The point at which train tracks cross a road is
marked with a white crossbuck sign. If more
than one track crosses a road, the number of
tracks is posted below the crossbuck.
A railroad crossing may also feature red flashing
lights, a bell, and a red-and-white striped gate
that is lowered across the roadway when a train Railroad
Pedestrian Gate
is passing. If the lights begin to flash, you must
stop at least 15 feet before the light post or gate
and remain stopped until the gate raises and the
lights stop flashing. Failure to stop is a violation
that carries a heavy fine. Even if you don't see a Railroad
crossbuck
train approaching, never drive around a lowered
gate or ignore the flashing lights.
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Lines, symbols, and words painted on a roadway help to direct
riders and control traffic flow. You must know what the different
lines and colors mean and obey them as you would traffic
signs or signals.
White and yellow lines are used along pavement edges and
between lanes to keep vehicles in line. These lines may be
solid or broken (long dashes), single or double. A solid white or
solid yellow line that turns into a dotted line (short dashes) is a
continuation of the line through an intersection or a highway
interchange.
Unless you are turning, exiting a highway, or changing lanes,
always stay between the lines marking your lane.
61
WHITE LANE LINES
White lane lines separate lanes of traffic moving in the same
direction. Single white lines may also mark the right edge of
the pavement.
BROKEN WHITE LANE LINE
A broken white lane line separates two lanes traveling in the
same direction. Once you have signaled, and if it is safe to do
so, you may cross this line when changing lanes.
SOLID WHITE LANE LINE
A solid white lane line marks the right edge of the roadway or
separates lanes of traffic moving in the same direction. You may
travel in the same direction on both sides of this line, but you
should not cross the line unless you must do so to avoid a hazard.
DOUBLE SOLID WHITE LANE LINE
A double solid white line separates two lanes of traffic going in the
same direction. Crossing a double solid white line is prohibited.
YELLOW LANE LINES
Yellow lane lines separate lanes of traffic moving in opposite
directions. Single yellow lines may also mark the left edge of
the pavement on divided highways and one-way streets.
BROKEN YELLOW LANE LINE
A broken yellow lane line separates lanes of traffic moving in
opposite directions. Stay to the right of the line, unless you are
passing a vehicle in front of you. When passing, you may cross
this line temporarily when it is safe to do so.
62
DOUBLE YELLOW LANE LINES: ONE SOLID, ONE
BROKEN
As with all yellow lane lines, the one-solid-one-broken
combination keeps opposing lanes of traffic separated. If the
solid yellow line is closer to you, you may not cross the double
yellow line. If the broken line is closer to you, you may cross
the line only to pass another vehicle and only when it is safe to
do so.
DOUBLE YELLOW LANE LINES: BOTH SOLID
Two solid yellow lane lines prohibit vehicles moving in either
direction from crossing the lines to pass another vehicle. You may
not cross these lines unless turning left when it is safe to do so.
WORDS AND SYMBOLS
Words or symbols may be painted on roadway surfaces to help
guide, warn, or regulate drivers. Words or symbols are often
used with traffic signs, signals, and other pavement markings.
White arrows show lane directions or restrictions.
A white diamond alerts you to a special lane restriction, like
high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) only, bus only, or bicycle only.
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STOP LINES AND CROSSWALKS
An intersection or a pedestrian crossing controlled by a stop
sign, yield sign, traffic signal, or traffic officer may have a solid
white STOP line painted across it. You must stop your vehicle
behind this line.
A crosswalk is a pair of white lines painted across a lane that
guides pedestrians from one side of the road to the other. A
painted crosswalk is also a warning to drivers that pedestrians
are crossing the road at that point. Crosswalks may have
diagonal or vertical lines painted between the two main lines
for added emphasis.
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LANE USE & RESTRICTIONS
USING LANES
Always use traffic lanes as they are defined by pavement
markings and road signs. Many intersections have special
lanes marked for turns. Follow the rules of the road, using the
proper lanes for turning and riding straight ahead.
On roadways with two or more lanes in your travel
direction, use the right lane for riding unless...
· You are passing another vehicle.
· You are making a left turn.
· The right lane is blocked.
Additional rules pertaining to proper lane use follow below:
· As a general rule, do not use a highway breakdown lane as
a travel or passing lane. On some highways, however,
motorists may use the breakdown lane as a travel lane
during "rush hour."
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· Never change lanes in the middle of an intersection. It is
illegal and dangerous.
· If you come to a curve in the road and cannot see ahead,
keep to the right and slow down.
SPECIAL RULES FOR
MOTORCYCLES
· Do not ride along pavement lines or between lanes of
traffic.
· Ride no more than two abreast.
· Unless your motorcycle can travel safely at minimum
posted speeds, do not travel on highways or expressways.
RESTRICTED LANES
You must not ride in lanes posted as restricted, except when
preparing for a turn.
RIDING ON HIGHWAYS
Riding on highways, expressways, and freeways can make
any new motorcycle rider nervous. The following are some
useful tips for riding on such roadways.
ENTERING AND EXITING THE HIGHWAY
· Make sure you are in the proper lane well in advance so
you can safely enter or exit the highway.
· Yield the right-of-way to drivers already on the highway.
· As you approach and enter a highway travel lane, increase
your speed to match that of vehicles already on the road.
· If you miss your exit, do not stop. Never back up on the
highway. Get off the highway at the next exit and look for
signs showing you how to rejoin the road in the other
direction.
· Be sure to signal your exit at least 500 feet before you
reach the exit ramp.
· As you leave the highway and drive along the exit ramp,
slow to the posted exit ramp speed limit.
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SAFE & RESPONSIBLE RIDING
· Make sure your vehicle is in good operating order and can
maintain highway speeds.
· Stay to the right and only use the left lane for passing. If you
are traveling on an expressway with three lanes, treat the
far right lane as a slower-speed through lane, the middle
lane as a faster through lane, and the far left lane as the
passing lane.
· Use your mirrors and your directional signals when
changing lanes. Remember these three steps: (1) look, (2)
signal, (3) move. Also, check your blind spots before
making your move.
· Do not ride in another operator's blind spot. If you see
yourself in another operator's blind spot, safely ride through
the blind spot as quickly as you can.
· Be alert for cars entering the highway and any vehicles or
pedestrians using the breakdown lane.
· Do not weave in and out of traffic.
· Be aware of road construction signs, work crews, and signs
requiring you to reduce speed or change lanes.
· Avoid highway hypnosis. If you've been riding for a long
period and feel drowsy, you should get off the highway at
the next exit, rest stop, or service area.
· If you plan to ride a long distance, stop and stretch after
every 2 hours or every 100 miles.
RULES FOR PASSING
In general, the law requires you to ride on the
right side of the road. When passing is allowed,
you should pass on the left. You should pass a
pedestrian, bicyclist, or motor vehicle only when
it is necessary and safe to do so. You may not
exceed the speed limit when passing. If you have any
doubt, do not pass. Never use a breakdown lane, the shoulder
of a road, or a sidewalk for passing another vehicle.
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INTERSECTIONS
It is illegal to block an intersection with your motorcycle.
When riding through an intersection, you must follow any
directions given to you by signs or traffic signals. You may not
enter an intersection or ride across a crosswalk unless
there is enough room to safely ride through to the other
side. Obstructing the paths of other vehicles or
pedestrians in an intersection or a crosswalk causes
traffic jams and violates traffic law.
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TURNS
Many motor vehicle crashes are caused by improper turns. In
general, take the following steps to ensure safe turning:
1. Plan for the turn. Do not turn suddenly.
2. Signal your turn at least 100 feet before making the turn.
On a highway, signal at least 500 feet before a turn. It is
best to signal before you apply your brakes to make your
intentions known to other drivers.
3. Reduce your speed.
4. Check your mirrors for traffic behind you and check the
blind spot on your turning side.
5. Give the right-of-way when necessary.
6. Complete the turn carefully, and make sure you turn into
the proper lane.
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TURNS ON RED
After coming to a complete stop at a red traffic light, you are
allowed to turn right on red after giving the right-of-way to
pedestrians and other vehicles, unless a NO TURN ON RED
sign is posted. You may turn left on red following the same
rules only if you are turning from a one-way street onto another
one-way street.
U-TURNS
A U-turn is a tight left turn that reverses your
direction. Always use added caution when
reversing your direction. Unless a NO U-
TURN sign is posted, you are allowed to make
a U-turn as long as your path is clear and it is
safe to do so.
· You may only make a U-turn from the lane closest to the
center line.
· Make sure you have enough room to complete the turn.
Don't create a hazard for oncoming vehicles.
· Do not attempt a U-turn at the crest of a hill, near a curve,
or at any other point at which you or other drivers cannot
see from 500 feet away.
LEFT TURNS FROM CENTER LANES
On some two-way roads, a center lane may be marked as a
common left-turn lane to be used by vehicles in both
directions. You may not travel in a center turning lane.
RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES
This section summarizes many right-of-way rules. Other,
related rules, like giving the right-of-way to emergency
vehicles, are presented in the appropriate sections of this
chapter.
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So-called "right-of-way rules" help drivers decide how to
handle traffic situations that are not determined entirely by
signs or signals. These rules are based on safety and courtesy
and they do not give you any "rights." Remember, the right-
of-way is something you give, not take.
If another driver fails to follow these rules in a certain situation,
you should always give the right of way to ensure safe
operation.
PEDESTRIANS
You must always yield to pedestrians who
are walking in or crossing a roadway. Also
note these rules concerning pedestrians:
· If you are stopped at a traffic signal and
the light turns green, you must yield to
any pedestrians already in the
crosswalk before proceeding.
· When turning, look for pedestrians crossing your intended
path. Pedestrians have the right-of-way if using a sidewalk
or crossing a driveway or an alley.
· Always yield to blind people crossing a street. If a blind
person using a special cane or a guide dog is trying to cross
the street, you must stop until the person has crossed
safely to the other side.
INTERSECTIONS NOT CONTROLLED BY SIGNS OR
SIGNALS
If you come to an uncontrolled intersection, slow down, look
left and right for oncoming traffic, and proceed if the way is
clear. However,
· You must yield the right-of-way to any vehicle that has
entered the intersection from your right or is approaching
from your right.
· Look for any traffic approaching from the left. Even though
you may have the legal right-of-way, make sure that the
other driver is yielding to you before you proceed.
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FOUR-WAY STOP
At an intersection controlled by stop
signs in all directions, you must
yield the right-of-way to...
· Another vehicle that has already
come to a full stop at the
intersection.
· A vehicle on your immediate right that has stopped at the
intersection at the same time as you.
Confusion can develop at four-way stop intersections. You
should try to make eye contact with the drivers of other
vehicles at the intersection to better judge their intentions and
avoid accidents.
TURNING LEFT
When making any left turn, you must first yield the right-of-way
to any:
· Oncoming vehicle.
· Vehicle already in the intersection.
· Pedestrians or bicyclists crossing your intended path of
travel.
PRIVATE ROADS, DRIVEWAYS, AND UNPAVED ROADS
If you are entering a paved roadway
from a private road, a driveway, or
an unpaved road, you must stop first
and give the right-of-way to
pedestrians, bicyclists, or vehicles
traveling along the road you are
entering.
THROUGHWAYS
If you approach a designated throughway, you must yield the
right-of-way to traffic on the throughway before you turn.
INTERSECTION OF SINGLE OR TWO LANE ROAD AND
MULTIPLE LANE ROAD
If you are traveling on a single or two-lane road and come to
an intersection with a larger road, you must yield the right-of-
way to vehicles driving on a divided highway or a roadway with
three or more lanes.
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ROTARIES
Because only a few states in America have traffic rotaries
(traffic circles), many drivers are unfamiliar with rotaries' right-
of-way rules. Be especially careful and generous when
extending the right-of-way to other drivers in and near rotaries.
When you approach a rotary, you must yield the right-of-way to
any vehicles already in the rotary. If traffic in the rotary is
heavy, stop at the edge of the rotary and wait until you can
enter safely.
SCHOOL BUSES
Yellow school buses have flashing
red lights and stop signs that fold
out from the driver's side. School
pupil transport vehicles, like vans,
station wagons, or family sedans,
have flashing red lights and
SCHOOL BUS signs on their roof.
School Bus Drivers use these
warning signals when letting pupils
on and off the vehicle.
No matter which side of the road you are traveling on, if
you come upon a school bus or a school pupil transport
vehicle with its lights flashing and a stop sign extended,
you must stop. It's the law. Remain stopped until the
lights stop flashing or the stop sign folds back.
Violation of this law can result in license suspension and fines
of up to $200.
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Even after the warning signals have stopped, you should
proceed slowly and continue to search for children that could
be crossing.
The only exception to this law is if a school bus has stopped on
the other side of a divided highway with a barrier between
travel directions. In this case, you do not have to stop.
BUSES AND TROLLEYS
Especially in urban areas, you must take extra
care when driving near public transport buses
and trolleys. Buses stop frequently. Be
courteous and make way for buses signaling to
pull away from bus stops.
State law is very specific about driving near trolleys and their
tracks:
· If you come to a trolley letting passengers on or off, you
must not drive any closer than within 8 feet of the trolley
passenger step.
· Look for oncoming trolleys before crossing any tracks. Do
not turn in front of a trolley if one is approaching.
· Maintain a safe distance between your motorcycle and a
trolley if the trolley is sharing the roadway. A trolley's path
is limited to the tracks. A trolley driver cannot swerve to
avoid you.
ROAD WORKERS AND REPAIR CREWS
Although road construction and
maintenance sites are often well posted
with warning signs, you must take extra
care to ensure the safety of anyone working
on a roadway. Orange warning signs and work equipment
usually means that people are on foot nearby. Follow roadwork
signs carefully, and stay alert. Look for sudden changes in
road direction or condition. Be prepared to stop.
ANIMALS AND HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLES
Always give the right-of-way to any
animal that someone is leading, riding, or
driving. Animals are easily frightened by
motor vehicles, so when you approach
any animal or horse-drawn vehicle:
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· Reduce your speed.
· If the animal or vehicle is coming toward you or is crossing
your path, stop and allow the animal to pass.
· If the animal or vehicle is traveling in the same direction you
are, allow plenty of room for passing safely, and use
reasonable speed.
· Do not sound your horn or make a loud noise.
· If the animal you are passing appears frightened, you must
pull your vehicle to the roadside and stop.
· Proceed only when it is safe.
· You must stop if a rider or driver signals you to do so.
In rural areas, take extra care when passing "hay rides" which
are usually animal drawn and carrying several passengers.
SLOW-MOVING VEHICLES
Most farm vehicles, construction rigs, and other slow-moving
vehicles have orange warning signs mounted to the rear of the
vehicle. If you approach such a vehicle, reduce your speed
and use the same caution you would with bicyclists and
pedestrians. Allow plenty of space around the vehicle if you
plan to pass.
FUNERAL PROCESSIONS
If you meet a funeral procession on a roadway, you must yield
the right-of-way until all vehicles in the procession have
passed. It is illegal to cut through or disrupt any vehicles
in a funeral procession.
PARKING REGULATIONS
Parking regulations are generally determined
by state law but are enforced by local cities
and towns. If you are parking in a business or
residential district, you must position your
vehicle within 12 inches of the curb, except
where angled parking is allowed. Parking
spaces on roadway edges are often marked
by white road lines. You must park your vehicle between these
lines. In Massachusetts, you may not park your vehicle in
certain places, including:
· In a zone posted with a NO PARKING, NO STANDING, or
NO STOPPING sign.
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· In a bus stop or taxi stand.
· In a zone and at a time posted for street cleaning.
· In a posted loading zone.
· Within 20 feet of an intersection.
· In a crosswalk, in front of a driveway, or in front of a
handicap-access ramp.
· In a zone posted for HP-DV parking only (disabled person
plates or placards, disabled veteran plates). Violating this
parking regulation carries a heavy fine.
· Within 10 feet of a fire hydrant or fire lane.
· On a sidewalk, curb, center traffic island, or median.
· During a weather or roadway emergency.
· Facing the wrong way against traffic.
· On a state or an interstate highway, unless authorized.
· On a roadway in a rural area or outside a thickly settled
district.
· In a traffic lane next to a row of parked vehicles (double
parked).
· To make non-emergency repairs to your vehicle.
If you violate a parking regulation, you may receive a citation
with a fine. Unpaid parking tickets will prevent you from
renewing your license or vehicle registration.
PARKING METERS
Many public parking spaces are regulated by coin-fed meters.
Meter regulations are usually in effect during posted days and
hours. Also, in most areas a maximum time limit is posted.
If you exceed the limit or fail to pay the meter fee, you may be
issued a parking citation.
PARKING PERMITS
Many cities and towns in the state issue special parking
permits to residents. Certain residential streets have
RESIDENT PERMIT PARKING ONLY signs. If you do not
have a permit or a special visitor's placard, you may not park in
these zones. Contact your local community for information on
obtaining a permit.
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MISCELLANEOUS RULES OF THE
ROAD
The following are motor vehicle traffic laws that have not been
covered in a specific section. It is illegal to:
· Drive on a bet or wager.
· Engage in drag racing.
· Throw garbage or glass onto a roadway or onto public or
private land.
· Throw lighted cigarettes or anything else from a motor
vehicle that can cause a fire near a forest or open field.
· Bypass or cut out a motor vehicle's muffler system.
Return used motor oil, transmission fluid, and other hazardous
materials to the place you bought the materials. The garage or
store that sold you the goods is responsible for disposing of
the goods.
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BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE
Whether it be in the form of beer, wine, or hard liquor, alcohol
is a depressant that slows your reflexes, increases your
reaction time, and distorts your vision and judgment. At the
same time, alcohol often makes you feel more confident about
your riding ability, causing you to take chances while riding that
you normally would not take. This is a dangerous combination
that often leads to serious motor vehicle accidents and tragic deaths.
Even one alcoholic drink can affect your ability to ride safely.
The affects of alcohol can increase significantly if you are tired,
emotionally upset, or have not eaten. No one is immune from
the affects of alcohol consumption. Despite the rider's efforts
to concentrate, one's ability to operate any vehicle safely is
impaired after drinking. Alcohol is a drug that reduces the
mental faculties and motor skills of all operators.
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT (BAC)
When you drink an alcoholic beverage, your body works hard
to eliminate the alcohol from your system. You do not digest
alcohol as you do food. Alcohol is processed by your liver and
kidneys, and this process takes time. There is no quick way to
remove the alcohol from your system. Drinking black coffee,
taking a cold shower, exercising, or eating might make you feel
more alert after drinking alcohol, but none of these actions has
any effect on how quickly alcohol leaves the body.
Ideally, if you have had any alcoholic beverage, you should not
ride or operate any motor vehicle. Determining exactly what is
"too much" alcohol can be difficult. The amount of
unprocessed alcohol in your body is measured as blood
alcohol content (BAC), which can be determined by blood or
breath test analysis. Your BAC depends on several factors:
· Your body weight.
· How much alcohol you have had to drink.
· The amount of food consumed prior to drinking alcohol.
· The length of time you have been drinking alcohol.
· The speed at which your body processes alcohol (every
person processes alcohol differently).
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Regardless of the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, the
critical factor is the amount of alcohol consumed in a certain
time period. Each of the following drinks contain about the
same amount of alcohol (about ½ oz.):
· 12 ounce Beer
· 4 ounce Glass of Wine
· 1 ounce Serving of 80-Proof Liquor
Any one of these drinks can increase the average person's
BAC by 0.02%. If you consume more than one drink per hour,
your BAC starts to rise, and only the passage of time will rid
you of the effects of alcohol.
ALCOHOL TESTS
According to the Massachusetts Implied Consent Law, every
licensed operator in the state agrees to consent to a
breathalyzer or blood test under certain circumstances. If you
are stopped by a police officer who believes you are operating
a motor vehicle or motorcycle under the influence of alcohol or
drugs, the officer has the right to ask you to:
· Perform a field sobriety test; and
· Submit to a breathalyzer or blood test to calculate your BAC
(If Placed Under Arrest).
If you take a breathalyzer test and register a 0.08% BAC or
higher, you are operating above the legal limit in
Massachusetts. For operators under 21 years of age,
Massachusetts has a "zero tolerance" law. This means a BAC
of 0.02% is above the legal limit if you are under 21 years of
age. Police officers are required to immediately seize your
operator's license if you register an illegal BAC or if you refuse
a breathalyzer or blood test. The officer will issue you a notice
of suspension or revocation, which will become effective
immediately. Upon receiving this notice, you may exercise
your right to a license suspension or revocation hearing.
Massachusetts enforces very strict penalties for OUI offenses.
In October 2005, Massachusetts passed Melanie's Law
(Chapter 122 of the Acts of 2005). This new law
substantially increases the penalties and administrative
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sanctions for OUI offenses. Please contact the RMV at 617-
351-4500 or visit the website www.mass.gov/rmv for further
information regarding these OUI license suspensions and
revocations.
ILLEGAL DRUGS, MEDICINE, AND OTHER CONTROLLED
SUBSTANCES
Massachusetts laws that define violations and penalties for
operating under the influence of alcohol also apply to drugs.
Almost any drug can affect your ability to safely operate a
motor vehicle. Illegal drugs, prescription medications, and
over-the-counter (OTC) remedies all decrease the operator's
reaction time, vision, and motor skills. If you are convicted of
any drug offense, whether in Massachusetts or in another
state, your operator's license will be suspended. Even if no
motor vehicle was involved in the offense, Massachusetts law
requires operators to lose operating privileges for a period of
one (1) to five (5) years, depending on the conviction.
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PENALTIES
Conviction Fine Prison Term License
Suspension
First $500 Maximum
Offense $5,000 2 1/2 years 1 year
For your first offense, the court may allow Over Age 21,
you to complete an alcohol or drug 4590 days
education course to reduce your license Under Age 21,
suspension period. (M.G.L. c. 90 § 24D) 210 days
Minimum
Second $600 30 days
Offense $10,000 Maximum 2 years
2 1/2 years
Third Minimum
Offense $1,000- 150 days 8 years
(Felony) $15,000 Maximum
5 years
Fourth Minimum
Offense $1,500 1 year 10 years
(Felony) $25,000 Maximum
5 years
Fifth Minimum
Offense $2,000- 2 years Lifetime
(Felony) $50,000 Maximum
5 years
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MANDATORY LICENSE SUSPENSIONS
(18 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER)
Situation Explanation Suspension Fee to
Period Reinstate
Three speeding
Three violations/
Speeding responsible findings 30 days $100
Violations within any 1-year
period.
Must
complete
driver
Any combination of retraining
Five moving violations program
Surcharg- and surchargeable within 90
eable accidents that total days or $100
Events five surchargeable license will
events within a 3- be
year period. suspended
indefinitely
until course is
completed
Any combination of
Seven moving violations
Surcharg- and surchargeable
eable accidents that total 60 days $100
Events seven surchargeable
events within a 3-
year period.
A total of three major
moving violations or
Habitual any combination of
Traffic twelve major or 4 years $500
Offender minor moving
violations within a 5-
year period.
Out-of- License has been Until the out-
State suspended or of-state
Suspens- revoked in another suspension is $100
ion state. resolved
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MANDATORY LICENSE SUSPENSIONS
JUNIOR OPERATORS ONLY (161/2 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE)
Situation Explanation Suspension Period Fee to
Reinstate
Violation of
Conviction passenger 30 days first offense
for Violating restriction 60 days second
Passenger (unsupervised offense $100
Restriction vehicle operation
during first 6 90 days third offense
months)
Note: The suspensions below do not require violations to be the same
type. A speeding violation following a drag racing violation will count as
a second offense.
Conviction 180 days second
for Speeding Speeding on a way offense $100
(c. 90, §17) 1 year third or
subsequent offense
Conviction
for Speeding Speeding on 180 days second
on Certain portions of Mass offense $100
Highways Pike, portions of I- 1 year third or
(c. 90, §17A) 91, portions of I-95 subsequent offense
Conviction Operating on a way 180 days second
for Drag at a high rate of offense
Racing speed in 1 year third or $100
(c. 90, §17B) competition with
another subsequent offense
Conviction Special regulations
for Violating as to speed (set by 180 days second
Special cities, towns, state offense $100
Speed Regs. highway 1 year third or
(c. 90, §18) department) subsequent offense
Note: Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 90, Section 24P requires that any
Junior Operator who is convicted of Operating Under the Influence (OUI),
Operating to Endanger, Leaving the Scene of an Accident, Drinking from an
Open Alcohol Container, OUI with Serious Bodily Injury, or Motor Vehicle
Homicide face a 180 day suspension (in addition to any other suspension
required by law) for a first offense, or a 1 year suspension for any subsequent
offense. This additional suspension only applies to Junior Operators, and
only in cases in which they did not already receive an additional suspension
for failing or refusing a breath test.
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CONTACT INFORMATION
General RMV Information
617-351-4500
MREP Brochures and Course Schedules
617-351-9585
MREP Course Questions
413-781-0633
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Registry of Motor Vehicles
P.O. Box 55889
Boston, MA 02205-5889
Mitt Romney, Governor
Kerry Healey, Lieutenant Governor
John Cogliano, Secretary of Transportation
Anne L. Collins, Registrar
For comprehensive RMV information,
visit our website at www.mass.gov/rmv
We provide personalized responses
to your RMV questions via E-mail.
Contact the RMV Phone Center for . . .
· Registry information
· Moving violation citation payments
· Registration renewals
To reach the Phone Center, call
617-351-4500
(from the 339/617/781/857 area codes)
or
800-858-3926
(from all other MA area codes)
The Phone Center is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Visa, MasterCard, and Discover are accepted.